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Bone Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

mesenchymal embryologic origins

A

bone: sclerotome
muscle: myotome
dermis: dermatome

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2
Q

tissues in and on bone

A

dominated by bone connective tissue
contain cartilage on articular surfaces
contain nervous tissue and blood connective tissue
contain epithelial tissue lining blood vessels

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3
Q

cartilage

A

firm, flexible connective tissue
resilient tissue that springs back to original shape
contains few or no blood vessels or nerves
matrix contains up to 80% water
cell type is chondrocyte
chondroblasts are found in growing cartilage

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4
Q

growth of cartilage

A

appositional and interstitial growth

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5
Q

appositional growth

A

growth from the outside surface

chondroblasts in the surrounding perichondrium actively secrete matrix to produce new cartilage

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6
Q

perichondrium

A

membrane of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the external surface of cartilage

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7
Q

interstitial growth

A

chondroblasts produce matrix
chondrocytes (mature chondroblasts) lie in lacunae, divide and secrete new matrix
interstitial growth of cartilage stops when the skeleton stops growing

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8
Q

lacuna

A

small depression or cavity in bone and/or cartilage that contains a cell

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9
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

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10
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

rich in collagen fibers with glassy appearance
imperceptible collagen fibers (hyaline = glassy)
amorphous but fine matrix
most abundant cartilage

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11
Q

functions of hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant cartilage
supports and reinforces
resilient flexible cushion
resists repetitive compressive stress

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12
Q

locations of hyaline cartilage

A

embryonic/fetal skeleton
articular cartilage at ends of adjoining bones of movable joints
costal cartilage of ribs; attachments of ribs to sternum
nose
respiratory tubular structures in neck and thorax including larynx, trachea, bronchi

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13
Q

fibrocartilage

A

matrix similar but less firm than hyaline cartilage

thick collagen fibers predominate

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14
Q

functions of fibrocartilage

A

resists strong compression (pushing pressures) and strong tension (pulling pressures)
tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock

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15
Q

locations of fibrocartilage

A

pubic symphysis
articular discs of some joints eg menisci in knees
annulus fibrosis portion of the discs in between vertebrae

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16
Q

elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage histologically
more elastic fibers in matrix than in hyaline cartilage
contains many elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers

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17
Q

functions of elastic cartilage

A

allows great flexibility
able to tolerate repeated bending
maintains shape of structure

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18
Q

locations of elastic cartilage

A

external ear pinnae

epiglottis

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19
Q

function of bone

A

support: provides hard framework
movement: attachment sites for ligaments and muscle tendons; skeletal muscles use bones as levers
protection: of underlying organs
blood-cell formation: bone contains red marrow
fat storage: in yellow marrow in middle of bone
mineral storage: reservoir for important minerals eg phosphorus and calcium
energy metabolism: osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin

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20
Q

osteocalcin

A

stimulates pancreas to produce insulin and induces fat cells to become more insulin sensitive

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21
Q

bone: mineral storage

A

reservoir for important minerals

eg. phosphorus and calcium

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22
Q

bone: fat storage

A

yellow marrow in middle of bone

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23
Q

bone: energy metabolism

A

osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin, which stimulates pancreas to create more insulin and fat cells to become more insulin sensitive

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24
Q

bone tissue

A

organic and inorganic components
ground substance calcified with inorganic salts
calcified matrix contains many collagen fibers
well vascularized

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25
composition of bone
35% organic components (especially collagen) | 65% inorganic components (hard crystals)
26
organic components of bone tissue
comprises 35% of bone tissue rich in collagen fibers which provide tensile strength and flexibility to resist twisting and pulling tensile strength is the force required to pull something until it breaks
27
inorganic components of bone tissue
makes up 65% of bone tissue inorganic hydroxyapatites, mineral salts eg calcium phosphate mineral salt crystals pack tightly in and around the collagen fibrils of the extracellular matrix to give bone its exceptional hardness to resist compression
28
mineral salt crystals in bone tissue
pack tightly in and around collagen fibrils of the extracellular matrix to give bone its exceptional hardnesss to resist compression
29
bone cells which produce or maintain bone
osteogenic cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts
30
osteogenic cells
stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
31
osteoblasts
actively produce and secrete bone matrix (osteoid) that contains ground matrix and collagen fibrils within a week of osteoid secretion, inorganic calcium salts crystallize within osteoid
32
osteocytes
mature bone cells in lacunae that maintain bone matrix
33
osteoclasts
responsible for bone resorption
34
classification of bone shapes
long bones short bones flat bones irregular bones
35
long bones
longer than they are wide shaft plus 2 ends common in extremities
36
short bones
roughly cube-shaped in wrist and ankles sesamoid bones are a special type of short bones which include kneecaps
37
flat bones
thin and flattened, usually curved ribs and sternum scapula some cranial bones
38
irregular bones
various shapes, do not fit into other categories | include vertebrae and hip bones
39
compact bone
has a dense outer layer of bone
40
spongy bone
also called trabecular bone internal 3-dimensional network of bone with small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae open spaces in between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow (mainly hematopoietic cells) and/or yellow marrow (mainly adipose cells)
41
red bone marrow
mainly hematopoietic cells
42
yellow marrow
mainly adipose cells
43
typical long bone structure
diaphysis: shaft, long axis of a bone epiphysis: ends of a bone with joint surfaces, typically covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage epiphyseal line: runs between the diaphysis and epiphysis in adults and is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate blood vessels: unlike cartilage, bone is well vascularized medullary cavity: the center of the diaphysis has no spongy bone and is filled with yellow marrow membranes: periosteum surrounds bone and endosteum lines medullary cavity and inner surface of osteons
44
diaphysis
shaft or long axis of a bone
45
epiphysis
end of a bone with joint surfaces | typically covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
46
epiphyseal line
runs between epiphysis and diaphysis in adults and is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate
47
medullary cavity
center of the diaphysis has no spongy bone and is filled with yellow marrow
48
bone is avascular (true/false)
false
49
periosteum
connective tissue membrane which covers the external surface of the bone, except the ends of the epiphyses which are covered with articular cartilage two layers of periosteum provides insertion points for tendons and ligaments
50
deep inner periosteum layer
abuts the outer surface of compact bone | deep layer is osteogenic and forms osteoblasts and osteoclasts
51
superficial outer periosteum layer
dense irregular connective tissue layer | resists tension placed on the bone
52
perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers)
secure periosteum to underlining bone with thick bundles of collagen that run from periosteum into bone matrix
53
endosteum
lines medullary cavity thin connective tissue membrane layer which lines internal bone surfaces including trabeculae of spongy bone and inner surface of central canals of osteons osteogenic, contains both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
54
central canals of osteons
lined with the osteogenic endosteum layer lamella are added to the inner surface of the osteon which decreases the diameter of the inner canal perforating canals lie at right angles to the central canals and central marrow cavity and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to these areas
55
osteons of compact bones
``` contains passage ways for blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of bone group of concentric tubes function in support ```
56
osteons contain:
lamellae central canal perforating (Volksmann's) canals canaliculi
57
canaliculi
osteocytes' "legs" occupy these thin tubes connect neighboring lacunae to one another and to capillaries for nutrient supply extensions of the neighboring osteocytes tough and form gap junctions for nutrient exchange
58
lamellae outside of osteons
interstitial lamellae: groups of incomplete lamellae which lie between osteons these are remains of old osteons cut through by bone remodeling circumferential lamellae: extends around the entire circumference of the diaphysis
59
microscopic structure of spongy bone
less complex than compact bone trabeculae are too small to contain osteons or its own blood vessels trabeculae contain several layers of lamellae and osteocytes osteocytes receive nutrients from capillaries in the endosteum surrounding the trabeculae via connections through the canaliculi
60
ossification (osteogenesis)
``` membrane bones (eg cranial bones, clavicles) - form directly from mesenchyme through intramembranous ossification without first being modeled in cartilage endochondrial bones - develop initially from hyaline cartilage which is replaced by bone through endochondral ossification ```
61
intramembranous ossification
1. ossification center appears in fibrous connective tissue membrane where mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts 2. osteoblasts secrete osteoid (bone matrix) within fibrous matrix which calcifies; "trapped" osteoblasts become osteocytes 3. woven bone (network of trabeculae) and periosteum form 4. compact lamellar bone replaces woven bone and red marrow appears in spongy bone
62
endochondral ossification
all bones except some bones (eg some skull bones and clavicles) bones are modeled in hyaline cartilage begins forming late in the second month of embryonic development continues forming until early adulthood
63
stages of endochondral ossification
week 9 gestation: bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage, cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies and forms cavities month 3 gestation: periosteal bud with blood vessel invades internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form birth: secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses childhood to adolescence: epiphyses ossify, hyaline cartilage only remains in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
64
endochondral ossification: week 9 gestation
bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage | cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies and forms cavities
65
endochondral ossification: month 3 gestatino
periosteal bud with blood vessel invades internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form
66
endochondral ossification: birth
secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
67
endochondral ossification; childhood to adolescence
epiphyses ossify | hyaline cartilage only remains in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
68
anatomy of epiphyseal growth areas in growing bones
hyaline cartilage is organized for quick, efficient growth cartilage cells form stacks with rapidly dividing chondroblasts just inside of the epiphyseal plate pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis lengthens entire long bone
69
epiphyseal plate
``` resting zone proliferation zone hypertrophic zone calcification zone ossification zone ```
70
epiphyseal plate: resting zone
cells nearest the epiphysis that are relatively small and inactive columns of stacked cartilage cells are inside the resting zone (in direction of diaphysis)
71
epiphyseal plate; proliferation zone
made up of chondroblasts at the top of the stack which divide quickly which pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis causing the bone to elongate
72
epiphyseal plate: hypertrophic zone
older chondrocytes have enlarged (hypertrophied) and are positioned deep in the stack
73
epiphyseal plate: calcification zone
older hypertrophied chondrocytes signal the surrounding cartilage matrix to calcify and produce a calcification zone
74
epiphyseal plate: ossification zone
new bone formation
75
postnatal growth of endochondrial bones
growing bones widen as they lengthen osteoblasts add bone tissue to the external surface along the diaphysis osteoclasts remove bone from the internal surface along the diaphysis as remodeling takes place with increase in diameter appositional growth - growth of a bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface
76
hormone regulation of bone growth
growth hormone - produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates epiphyseal plates thyroid hormone - ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions steroid hormones (estrogen and testosterone) - promote bone growth, later induce closure of epiphyseal plates
77
bone as a dynamic tissue
500 mg of calcium may enter or leave the adult skeleton each day cancellous (spongy) bone is replaced every 3-4 years in most bones compact bone is replaced every 10 years in most bones
78
bone deposition and resorption
occurs at periosteal and endosteal surfaces | in adults, this occurs primarily at the endosteal surface
79
bone remodeling
bone deposition/formation - accomplished by osteoblasts bone resorption - accomplished by osteoclasts maintains normal levels of calcium and phosphate in body fluids bone is remodeled in response to mechanical stress it experiences
80
osteoclast: a bone-degrading cell
``` giant cell with many nuclei derived from hematopoietic stem cells crawls along bone surfaces breaks down bone tissue secretes concentrated HCl releases lyososomal enzymes may also phagocytize collagen and dead osteocytes ```
81
bone design and stress
superficial surfaces of bones reflect stresses on them (weight bears down on them, muscles pull on them) bending compresses bone on one side and stretches bone on the other side trabeculae of spongy bones align along lines of stress to provide structural support
82
phases of healing of simple fracture
1. hematoma formation - blood vessels break in periosteum and inside bone 2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation - within a few days new blood vessels from the periosteum and endosteum grow into the clot, filling it with fibrous granulation tissue called soft callus 3. bony callus formation - within a week, bone trabeculae begin to form in bony callus 4. bone remodeling
83
types of fractures
comminuted - 3 or more bone fragments compression - bone crushed spiral - caused by twisting force epiphyseal - epiphysis separates from diaphysis depressed - fractured bone depressed inward greenstick - only one side of long bone fractures
84
osteoporosis
characterized by low bone mass bone resorption outpaces bone deposition compact bone becomes thinner and less dense, spongy bone has fewer trabeculae occurs most often in women after menopause
85
osteomalacia
"soft bones" | bones are inadequately mineralized
86
rickets
children with inadequate intakes of vitamin D can develop inadequately mineralized bones bones are "soft" which can cause the child to have bowed legs and cranial bone deformities
87
the skeleton throughout life
skeleton grows until age 18-21 children and adolescents: bone formation exceeds rate of bone resorption young adults: bone formation and bone resorption are in balance old age: bone resorption exceeds rate of bone formation bone mass declines with age after young adulthood

Anatomy (22 decks)

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