Bone Tumors Flashcards
What are the benign bone tumours?
- Osteoma,
- Osteochondroma (extosis)
- Giant cell tumor
- Chondroma
What are the malignant bone tumours?
- Osteosarcoma,
- Ewing’s Sarcoma
- Chondrosarcoma
What cancers are most likely to metastasis to the bone?
- Lung,
- Breast,
- Prostate,
- Kidney,
- Thyroid
What are the symptoms of boney mets?
- Bone pain,
- Bone destruction,
- Pathological fractures,
- Spinal cord compression,
- Hypercalcaemia
- Raised ALP
What tumours are likely to cause sclerotic mets?
Prostate, breast and carcinoid
Describe features of an osteoid osteoma
- Benign overgrowth of the bone. Commonly occurs in adolescents.
- Presents with pain which is worse at night and is relieved by aspirin.
- On X ray it presents with a Nidis. Treatment is radiofrequency ablation
Describe features of an osteochrondroma/exostoses
- Most common benign tumours which usually occurs in adolescence. It is a benign outgrowth of cartilage
- Usually asymptomatic and slow growing so can be monitored. May need surgery
What is an Enchondroma?
- Benign lobulated mass or cartilage within medulla of bone.
- It can present with swellings or pathological fractures
- Can occur at any age and often affects hand, feet and long bones.
- Treat with curettage
What is an Enchondroma?
- Benign lobulated mass or cartilage within medulla of bone.
- It can present with swellings or pathological fractures
Describe features of osteosarcomas
- Typically presents in adolescent males.
- Presents with a warm, painful swelling. Commonly in knee/femur
- X-ray shows codman’s triangle and sunburst appearence. Tissue biopsy required for diagnosis
What is the treatment for an osteosarcoma?
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, wide local excision and then further chemotherapy. Can use radiotherpay.
Osteosarcoma’s are predisposed to metastasise to the lung and bone
Describe features of a chondrosarcoma
- Malignant tumour of cartilage, may arise from previous chondroma
- Occurs in older patients (>40), commonly in axial skeleton.
- Presents with bone pain, pathological fracture, swelling and neuro symptoms.
- Imaging shows popcorn calcification.
What mutations can be seen in chondrosarcomas?
IDH 1 and 2.
What is an Ewings sarcoma
It is a small round blue cell tumour mainly seen in children and adolescents.
What is the presentation of an Ewing’s sarcoma?
Occurs most commonly in pelvis and long bones. It causes severe pain and presents with a warm, enlarging mass along long bone diaphysis. Usually has systemic symptoms too.
On x-ray it has a moth eaten appreatence
