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Systems Pathology Exam One > Bone Tumors > Flashcards

Bone Tumors Flashcards

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0
Q

In regards to bone tumors, are benign or malignant tumors more common?

A

Benign

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1
Q

What type of bone tumors are the most common?

A

Matrix and fibrous producing tumors

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2
Q

What are the two most common benign bone tumors?

A

Osteochondroma, fibrous cortical defects

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3
Q

What are the most common primary bone cancers?

A

Osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma

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4
Q

What population has an increased risk of bone cancer?

A

Elderly

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5
Q

What are some additional risks for bone tumors?

A

RB or TP53 mutations, AVN, chronic osteomyelitis, Paget disease, irradiation, orthopedic hardware

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6
Q

What bones are usually affected by bone tumors?

A

Long bones of extremities

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7
Q

How are bone tumors diagnosed?

A

Incidental or pathological fracture

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8
Q

What is usually the age range for osteosarcomas?

A

10-20

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9
Q

What is the usual location of osteosarcomas?

A

Knee

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10
Q

What is the usual age range for osteomalacia (benign)?

A

40-50

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11
Q

What is the usual location of osteomas?

A

Facial bones, skull (frontal bone)

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12
Q

How are bone forming tumors usually diagnosed?

A

Biopsy

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13
Q

What are the main types of bone forming tumors?

A

Osteoma, osteoid osteoma & osteoblastoma, osteosarcoma

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14
Q

Which type of bone forming tumor is now said to be a developmental anomaly or reactive growth following trauma?

A

Osteoma

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15
Q

Which type of bone forming tumor creates matter very similar to normal bone?

A

Osteoma

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16
Q

What does exophytic mean?

A

Growing out, not growing in

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17
Q

Which type of bone forming tumor is completely non-invasive and benign?

A

Osteoma

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18
Q

Who is at a greater risk for osteoid osteomas/osteoblastomas?

A

Males (2X)

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19
Q

Which type of bone forming tumor is smaller and found in the extremities?

A

Osteoid osteoma

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20
Q

Which type of bone forming tumor is large and found in the spine?

A

Osteoblastoma

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21
Q

What age range is usually affected by osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas?

A

10-20

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22
Q

What is the middle part of the oval lesion with an osteoid osteoma or osteoblastoma?

A

Central “nidus” which is radiolucent

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23
Q

What surrounds the central nidus in the lesions involved with osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas?

A

Rim of sclerosis

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24
What is a common complaint and feature of osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas?
Localized nocturnal pain
25
What is the usual specific location of osteoid osteomas?
Near cortex of long bones like the femur and tibia
26
What is the unique method of relief for osteoid osteomas?
Aspirin
27
What is the size of osteoid osteomas?
<2cm
28
What is the size of osteoblastomas?
2-6 cm
29
What is the specific location of osteoblastomas?
Spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae
30
What is the treatment for osteoblastomas?
Excision, possible irradiation
31
Which is associated with mild pain that is unrelieved by aspirin: osteoid osteoma or osteoblastoma?
Osteoblastoma
32
Which type of bone forming tumor is aggressively malignant?
Osteosarcoma
33
What is the most common primary bone cancer?
Osteosarcoma
34
How do osteosarcomas usually metastasize?
Hematogenously
35
Osteosarcomas make up what percent of primary bone cancer diagnoses?
20%
36
Who is at a larger risk for osteosarcomas?
Adolescent males (1.5X)
37
What age range makes up 75% of osteosarcoma cases?
10-20
38
What is usually the cause of osteosarcomas among those over the age of forty?
Co-morbid bone pathology like Paget disease, AVN, or irradiation
39
What X-ray feature is a red flag for osteosarcomas?
Codman triangle
40
What is the usual location of an osteosarcoma among adults over 40?
Femur, humerus, and pelvis
41
What is the usual location of an osteosarcoma among adolescents?
Knee area: metaphysis of distal femur, proximal tibia, and humerus too
42
What is the end result of the Codman triangle as seen with osteosarcomas?
Periosteal cortex destroyed resulting in "starburst" appearance on X-ray
43
What is a big risk with osteosarcomas?
Pathological fractures
44
What is the most common location of metastasis of an osteosarcoma?
Lungs (10-20%)
45
What genetic issue leads to a 1000 times increased risk of developing an osteosarcoma?
Retinoblastoma syndrome
46
Are cartilage forming tumors most commonly benign or malignant?
Benign
47
What types of cartilage are formed in cartilage forming tumors?
Hyaline and myxoid
48
What are the three main types of cartilage forming tumors?
Osteochondroma, chondroma, chondrosarcoma
49
What is another name for osteochondroma?
Exostosis
50
What type of cartilage forms with an osteochondroma?
Hyaline
51
Which gender is at a greater risk for an osteochondroma?
Males (3X)
52
What is the age range for osteochondromas?
10-30 years
53
What is the most common way osteochondromas are developed?
Solitary or isolated incidents
54
What is the genetic factor of osteochondromas?
Multiple hereditary osteochondromas which involve mutated TSGs
55
With the genetic cause of osteochondromas, what is the age range of usual development?
Childhood onset
56
Where do osteochondromas usually originate?
Near the growth plates on the metaphysis of long bones
57
What is the most common location of osteochondromas?
Knee
58
What is the usual size of osteochondromas?
1-20cm
59
Osteochondromas rarely occur after what time period?
Skeletal maturity
60
What is another term commonly used for chondroma?
Enchondroma
61
What is the most common location of chondroma development?
Medullary cavity
62
What cartilage type forms with a chondroma?
Hyaline cartilage
63
What is the typical age range for a chondroma?
20-50 years
64
Where does the cartilage with chondromas develop specifically on the skeleton?
Metaphysis of small tubular bones of the hands and feet
65
What is the name of the condition where multiple lesions of chondromas occur?
Ollier disease (enchondromatosis or multiple enchondromas)
66
Are chondromas more commonly unilateral or bilateral?
Unilateral
67
The "o-ring" sign of sclerosis is associated with which type of cartilage forming tumor?
Chondromas
68
Are chondromas typically asymptomatic or symptomatic?
Asymptomatic
69
What is the way chondromas are diagnosed?
Usually incidental
70
Chondromas make up what percentage of all benign bone tumors?
10%
71
Chondromas are seen in what percentage of knee MRIs?
3%
72
Solitary chondromas of the hands are usually seen where?
Proximal phalanges
73
Which is more common: chondrosarcoma or osteosarcoma?
Osteosarcoma
74
What is the usual age range of chondrosarcomas?
40-60
75
What gender is more commonly affected by chondrosarcomas?
Males (2X)
76
What is the common location of chondrosarcomas?
Intramedullary
77
What are the usual osseous locations of chondrosarcomas?
Large joints like the pelvis, shoulder, ribs, and proximal femur
78
Which type of cartilage forming tumor creates an expansile glistening mass?
Chondrosarcoma
79
What effect can chondrosarcomas have on the cortex?
May thicken or erode it
80
Which type of chondrosarcoma is more common?
Low grade
81
Where do high grade chondrosarcomas tend to metastasize the most?
Lungs
82
What is the survival rate of a high grade chondrosarcoma?
40%
83
What percentage of high grade chondrosarcomas metastasize?
70%
84
At what size is an chondrosarcoma indicative of a poor prognosis and being extremely fatal?
> 10cm
85
What is the treatment for chondrosarcomas?
Wide excision and chemotherapy

Systems Pathology Exam One (7 decks)

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