Bones

Question 1

How many cervical vertebrae are in the spine?

Answer 1

7

Question 2

How many thoracic vertebrae are in the spine?

Answer 2

12

Question 3

How many lumbar vertebrae are in the spine?

Answer 3

5

Question 4

How many sacral vertebrae are in the spine?

Answer 4

5

Question 5

How many coccygeal vertebrae are in the spine?

Answer 5

3 to 4

Question 6

3 main functions of the spine

Answer 6

Weight bearing, anchor for muscles and ligaments, protection of the spinal cord

Question 7

What is the purpose of the curvature of the spine?

Answer 7

Curvature allows the spine to resist pressure and other forces, and offers resilience and flexibility

Question 8

Major supporting ligaments of the vertebral column:

Answer 8

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Question 9

Function of the anterior longitudinal ligament:

Answer 9

Prevents hyperextension of the spine

Question 10

Function of the posterior longitudinal ligament:

Answer 10

Prevents hyperflexion of the spine

Question 11

Shape and attachment of the anterior longitudinal ligament:

Answer 11

Broad ligament, strongly attached to vertebrae and discs

Question 12

Shape and attachment of the posterior longitudinal ligament:

Answer 12

Narrow and weaker ligament, attached only to vertebral discs

Question 13

What are intervertebral discs?

Answer 13

Cushioning in between vertebrae

Question 14

What are the 2 parts of an intervertebral disc?

Answer 14

Nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus

Question 15

What is the nucleus pulposus?

Answer 15

The center of the intervertebral disc. Elastic and compressible

Question 16

What is the annulus fibrosus?

Answer 16

The outside “ring” of the intervertebral disc. Holds together successive vertebrae and resists tension in the spine

Question 17

Where are intervertebral discs the thickest? Why?

Answer 17

Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. They are more flexible areas, so require more cushioning and support

Question 18

What is a herniated disc?

Answer 18

Compression of part of the intervertebral disc, causing the nucleus pulposus to bulge out.

Question 19

What are the 2 parts of a typical vertebrae?

Answer 19

Weight bearing body, vertebral arch

Question 20

What are the parts of the vertebral arch?

Answer 20

2 pedicles + 2 laminae

Question 21

Arch + body enclose a vertebral foramen. What passes through it?

Answer 21

The spinal cord

Question 22

Pedicles have notches on their superior and inferior surfaces. These form:

Answer 22

Intervertebral foramina

Question 23

What passes through intervertebral foramina?

Answer 23

Nerves

Question 24

What are the 7 processes from each vertebral arch?

Answer 24

1 spinous process, 2 transverse processes, paired superior and inferior articular processes

Question 25

What is the function of the spinous process?

Answer 25

Site of muscle attachment

Question 26

What is the function of the transverse processes?

Answer 26

Site of muscle attachment

Question 27

What is the function of the superior and inferior articular processes?

Answer 27

Link vertebrae above and below, smooth, collagen-coated facets for articulation

Question 28

Describe a typical cervical vertebrae:

Answer 28

1) Body is broader side to side than front to back 2) Spinous process is short and split at the end (except for C7) 3) Large vertebral foramen 4) Each transverse process contains a transverse foramen for passage of the vertebral artery to the brain

Question 29

What is the name of C1?

Answer 29

Atlas

Question 30

What is the structure of atlas?

Answer 30

1) No body and no spinous process 2) Posterior and anterior neural arches 3) Lateral masses with superior and inferior articular facets

Question 31

Articulation of superior articular facets with occipital condyles allows:

Answer 31

Up and down movement (shaking head yes)

Question 32

What is the name of C2?

Answer 32

Axis

Question 33

What is the structure of axis?

Answer 33

More like C3-C7, except for the presence of the dens (odontoid process)

Question 34

What is the dens?

Answer 34

A small, bony projection on the body of axis, allowing rotational movement

Question 35

What is the structure of thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 35

1) Body is roughly heart shaped, and had paired demi-facets for ribs 2) Vertebral foramen is circular 3) Has a long, downwards pointing spinous process 4) Transverse processes have facets for articulation with tubercles of the ribs (transverse costal facet)

Question 36

What is the structure of lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 36

1) Pedicles and laminae are shorter and thicker 2) Spinous processes are flat and short, project directly back 3) Vertebral foramen is triangular 4) Curved inferior and superior facets

Question 37

Describe the structure and function of the lumbar vertebrae's inferior and superior facets

Answer 37

Superior curves downwards, inferior curves upwards. This causes the vertebrae to interlock.

Question 38

What is the structure of sacral vertebrae?

Answer 38

1) Starts as 5 separate vertebrae that fuse during adolescence to form the sacrum

Question 39

The sacrum articulates with:

Answer 39

5th lumbar vertebrae, hip bones (sacroiliac joint)

Question 40

What are the coccygeal vertebrae?

Answer 40

3 or 4 vertebrae that fuse to form the coccyx

Question 41

What is the function of the coccygeal vertebrae?

Answer 41

Site of attachment for some pelvic ligaments, but otherwise rather useless

Question 42

What is the sternum?

Answer 42

Anterior midline of the thorax

Question 43

The sternum is formed from the fusion of 3 bones. Name the bones:

Answer 43

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Question 44

The manubrium articulates with the ___ via the ___

Answer 44

Clavicles, clavicular notches

Question 45

The manubrium also articulates with:

Answer 45

The first pair of ribs

Question 46

Some abdominal muscles attach to the:

Answer 46

Xiphoid process

Question 47

What is the sternal notch?

Answer 47

The palpable indentation at the top of the manubrium

Question 48

What is the sternal angle?

Answer 48

Cartilaginous hinge between manubrium and body of sternum

Question 49

What is the xiphisternal joint?

Answer 49

Fusion of the sternal body and the xiphoid process

Question 50

How many true ribs are there?

Answer 50

7 pairs

Question 51

What are true ribs?

Answer 51

Ribs that attach directly to the sternum

Question 52

How many false ribs are there?

Answer 52

5 pairs

Question 53

How do ribs 8-10 attach to the sternum?

Answer 53

Indirectly through costal cartilages and rib 7

Question 54

How do ribs 11-12 attach to the sternum?

Answer 54

They don't. They do not attach anteriorly to anything, making them floating ribs

Question 55

What bones form the pectoral girdle?

Answer 55

The scapulae and clavicles

Question 56

What is the point of the curvature of the clavicles?

Answer 56

Ensures that if there is a fracture, the bone breaks away from the subclavian artery

Question 57

How do the scapulae attach to other bones?

Answer 57

Laterally only

Question 58

Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is ___ and ___ reinforced

Answer 58

Shallow, poorly

Question 59

What is the humerus?

Answer 59

Longest bone of the upper limb, and only bone of the upper arm

Question 60

The humerus articulates with:

Answer 60

Scapula proximally, radius and ulna distally

Question 61

Which part of the humerus articulates with the radius?

Answer 61

The capitulum

Question 62

Which part of the humerus articulates with the ulna?

Answer 62

The trochlea

Question 63

The ulnar nerves runs behind the:

Answer 63

Medial epicondyle

Question 64

What is the intertubercular sulcus?

Answer 64

The indentation between the greater and lesser tubercles. Site of muscle attachment for the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major

Question 65

What is the greater tubercle of the humerus?

Answer 65

Most lateral, bony part of the shoulder.

Question 66

What muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus?

Answer 66

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor (rotator cuff muscles)

Question 67

What attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

Answer 67

Subscapularis (4th rotator cuff muscle)