Bones

Question 1

What is osseous tissue?

Answer 1

another word for bone

Question 2

What is part of the skeletal system?

Answer 2

bones, cartilages, ligaments

Question 3

What is cartilage?

Answer 3

dense connective tissue made to reduce friction where bones articulate

Question 4

What are ligaments

Answer 4

tough fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones where joints are located

Question 5

Functions of the skeleton

Answer 5

-support
-protection- skull, rib cage
-movement
-blood cell- red marrow
production
-mineral storage
homeostatis (normal calcium and phosphorus)

Question 6

Name the parts the bone

Answer 6

-supporting connective tissue
-specialized cells
-solid matrix (bone itself)
-bone linings (line the bone)
periosteum (outer)
endosteum (inner)

Question 7

What is osteogenic connective tissue? Can bone be added here?

Answer 7

periosteum and endosteum (bone can be added here)

Question 8

What is fascia?

Answer 8

type of connective tissue that is an muscle attachment site and its part of the presidium

Question 9

How thick is the endosteum?

Answer 9

one cell thick

Question 10

What does the endosteum line?

Answer 10

the medullary cavity

Question 11

What makes bone hard?

Answer 11

the mineral component does. aka the calcium phosphate (calcium phosphate becomes hydroxyapatite crystals)

Question 12

What makes bone flexible?

Answer 12

collagen fibers (so that bone is not brittle)

Question 13

What are osteocyte?

Answer 13

live inside the bone matrix, provide nutrients and keep bone tissue alive

Question 14

What are osteoBlast?

Answer 14

bone building, secrete osteoid, one nucleus

Question 15

what minerals do we need to build bone?

Answer 15

calcium and phosphorus

Question 16

What do osteoblast become?

Answer 16

Osteoblast become osteocyte’s

Question 17

What are osteoclast?

Answer 17

multiple nuclei, involved in bone removal

Question 18

How is bone replacement called?

Answer 18

bone remodeling

Question 19

What is bone remodeling?

Answer 19

COORDINATED removal and replacement of bone tissue by osteoclasts and osteoblast

Question 20

When do we need to go through bone remodeling?

Answer 20

when we are
changing bone shape (exercise)
replacing old/damaged bone (over time)
releasing mineral stores

Question 21

What are the steps of bone remodeling?

Answer 21

Resting phase –> RESORPTION osteoclast eats bone –> reversal –> DEPOSITION (osteoblasts) –> some of the osteoblasts get stuck become mineralize

Question 22

What is resorption?

Answer 22

Osteoclast eating away at bone

Question 23

What is deposition?

Answer 23

building bone by osteoblasts

Question 24

What do you need to go through bone remodeling?

Answer 24

essential nutrients, vitamins, hormones

Question 25

What hormone is involved with osteoclasts?

Answer 25

parathyroid

Question 26

What hormone is involved with osteoblast?

Answer 26

calcitonin

Question 27

Calcium level drops what do we do?

Answer 27

- Parathyroid release parathyroid hormone - Bones release calcium via osteoclasts that eat the bone and release the calcium - kidneys will retain more calcium - intestine will absorb more calcium from food

Question 28

Calcium levels are too high what do we do?

Answer 28

- Thyroid releases calcitonin - Osteoblasts make bone - Kidneys retain less calcium aka less uptake and release more of it in the urine

Question 29

What are the two types of bone?

Answer 29

``` Compact bone (cortical bone) (denser less spaces) Spongy bone (cacellous, tradecular bone) (lots of spaces) ```

Question 30

How is bone different?

Answer 30

Bone is made of the same things just organized differently

Question 31

What is the basic functional unit of bone?

Answer 31

osteon (long tubes of bones)

Question 32

What is compact bone out of?

Answer 32

osteon

Question 33

What are osteons made out of?

Answer 33

lamellae, osteons have a central canal to get nutrients,

Question 34

What is trabeculae?

Answer 34

makes spongy bone lightweight, tabeculae are branching plates

Question 35

Where is spongy bone found? where is compact bone fund?

Answer 35

Cortical bone is on the outside, spongy bone is on the inside

Question 36

Where is bone marrow located?

Answer 36

located in the spaces of the spongy bone

Question 37

Long bones have two ends. What is that called?

Answer 37

epiphysis (spongy bone)

Question 38

What is the body or shaft of the bone called?

Answer 38

diaphysis (cortical bone)

Question 39

What is metaphysics?

Answer 39

wide part of the diaphysis, where we add bone

Question 40

What is the Epiphyseal plate?

Answer 40

Line separating the diaphysis and epiphysis, made of cartilage

Question 41

What do you have on the surface of the epiphysis?

Answer 41

articular cartilage to decrease friction

Question 42

What is ossification/osteogenesis?

Answer 42

replacing the hyaline cartilage with bone (fetus)

Question 43

When calcium is deposited into the bone what is that called?

Answer 43

``` ossification (2 types) intramembranous ossification or endochrondral ossification (limb development) ```

Question 44

What is Step 1 of bone development?

Answer 44

- chondrocytes increase in size and some die | - cavities form

Question 45

What is Step 2 of bone development?

Answer 45

- blood vessels bring nutrients - perichondrium converts to periosteum & into osteoblasts - osteods form bone collar

Question 46

What is Step 3 of bone development?

Answer 46

- capillaries and osteoblasts go to the center | - spongy bone starts forming in the center

Question 47

What is step 4? of bone development?

Answer 47

- increase in size | - diameter enlargement

Question 48

Step 5 of bone development?

Answer 48

- secondary ossification changes start aka epiphysis changes | - osteoblasts come to allow bone building to happen after

Question 49

Step 6 of bone development?

Answer 49

- epiphyseal plate forms - epiphyses fills with spongy bone - osteoblasts invade shaft and build bone as the cartilage is getting larger too

Question 50

Step 7 of bone development

Answer 50

-bone matures -rate of epiphyseal cartilage enlargement decreases -rate of osteoblasts activity increase both things cause epiphyseal closure and only a epiphyseal line is left

Question 51

What is the articular cartilage made of?

Answer 51

remaining from all the cartilage in the epiphysis

Question 52

What are the 7 bone types?

Answer 52

flat bones- ex occipital bone short bone- carpals (short bones are almost all spongy bone) irregular bones- vertebrae long bones- ex femur don't forget the clavicle is a long bone (only long bone not in the limbs) sesamoid bones- found at joints and form inside of TENDONS, reduce friction at a joint