bones

Question 1

what two parts is the skeleton split into?

Answer 1

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 2

how many bones are there in the skeleton?

Answer 2

206

Question 3

list the types of bone

Answer 3

• long bones
• short bones
• flat bones
• irregular bones
• sesamoid bones

Question 4

give the structure of the long bone

Answer 4

long shaft, two articular surfaces, mostly compact bone. e.g. femur, tibia

Question 5

give the structure of the short bone

Answer 5

cube shaped, thin layer of compact bone with spongy centre.

Question 6

give the structure of the flat bone

Answer 6

parallel layers of compact bone and spongy centre

Question 7

give the structure of the irregular bone

Answer 7

thin layers of compact bone surrounded in a spongy centre

Question 8

give the structure of the sesamoid bone

Answer 8

bones embedded in tendons or muscle

Question 9

what is the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 9

the place where long bones grow. closes when puberty begins

Question 10

where is red bone marrow found? what is its purpose?

Answer 10

found in spongy bone, responsible for haemopoeisis.

Question 11

where is yellow bone marrow found? what is its purpose?

Answer 11

medullary cavity - triglyceride store

Question 12

what is the endosteum?

Answer 12

layer of connective tissue where a lot of bone forming cells reside

Question 13

what is the periosteum?

Answer 13

contains bone forming cells, involved in protection of bone. location of tendon attachment

Question 14

what effect do adipocytes have?

Answer 14

reduce capacity for haematopoiesis and osteoblast activity

Question 15

what is a fibrous joint?

Answer 15

a joint in which bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue rich in collagen fibres

Question 16

what is a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 16

a joint held together by cartilage

Question 17

what is a synovial joint?

Answer 17

a joint in which bones are held together by connective tissue within a capsule and often by ligaments

Question 18

which type of joint permits movement?

Answer 18

synovial

Question 19

what is the benefit of warming up?

Answer 19

encourages production and secretion of synovial fluid, responsible for lubrication. also brings phagocytic cells to remove debris and microbes

Question 20

what is the difference between ligaments and tendons?

Answer 20

LIGAMENTS join bone to bone

TENDONS join muscle to bone

Question 21

what are the properties of ligaments?

Answer 21

• dispersed fibroblasts
• collagen is less well organised
• elastic and strong

Question 22

what are the properties of tendons?

Answer 22

• parallel rows of fibroblasts
• well organised collagen
• non elastic and tough

Question 23

what does cartilage consist of?

Answer 23

collagen, elastin fibres and proteoglycan

Question 24

list the types of cartilage

Answer 24

• hyaline
• fibrocartilage
• elastic cartilage

Question 25

what is hyaline cartilage?

Answer 25

the most abundant form of cartilage, present in many locations such as bronchi, larynx

Question 26

what is fibrocartilage?

Answer 26

strongest form of cartilage, present in invertebral disks, menisci of knee joint

Question 27

what is elastic cartilage?

Answer 27

cartilage that is not associated with bone, e.g. epiglottis

Question 28

what are the potental effects of exercise on tendons?

Answer 28

MECHANICAL ADAPTATION - remodelling in response to strength and endurance training INCREASED TURNOVER OF COLLAGEN - anabolism predominates and crosslinks increase TENDON FIBROBLAST INVOLVEMENT - response to stretch and alteration of extracellular matrix

Question 29

what is the effect of exercise on ligaments?

Answer 29

increased stretch and flexibility

Question 30

what is the effect of exercise on cartilage?

Answer 30

increased thickness of hyaline cartilage, protection, reduced risk of injury and osteoarthritis

Question 31

what is the effect of exercise on synovial fluid?

Answer 31

increased production, greater lubrication, cushioning and shock absorption

Question 32

list the different types of synovial joint

Answer 32

- ball and socket - pivot - hinge - planar - condyloid - saddle

Question 33

what types of movement can occur at synovial joints?

Answer 33

``` gliding rotation angular flexion extension hyperextension abduction adduction circumduction ```

Question 34

what is the role of osteocytes?

Answer 34

bone formation, mineralisation and the control of other cells and transduction of information

Question 35

what is the role of osteoclasts?

Answer 35

resorption

Question 36

what is the role of osteoblasts?

Answer 36

bone formation

Question 37

why is it important to be able to extract calcium from bone?

Answer 37

metabolic needs outweigh skeletal needs, calcium is needed for cardiac contractility and nerve transmission

Question 38

what is gigantism an example of?

Answer 38

a condition where bone resorption and formation are not matched - childhood secretion of pituitary growth hormone

Question 39

what is acromegaly an example of?

Answer 39

a condition where bone resorption and formation are not matched - caused by adult hyper secretion of GH

Question 40

how is bone mineral density measured?

Answer 40

dual X-ray absorptiometry - determines what proportion of the X-ray energy has been absorbed related to density

Question 41

what is the response to exercise for bone regulation?

Answer 41

higher BMD

Question 42

how does mechanical force cause bone remodelling?

Answer 42

exercise -> stress on bone -> altered fluid flow in lacuna canalicular fluid -> osteocytes detect shear stress and hydrostatic pressure waves -> hormonal/biochemical messenger release -> recruitment of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 43

what do osteoblasts cause?

Answer 43

protein secretion, mineralisation

Question 44

what do osteoclasts cause?

Answer 44

resorption, autocrine and paracrine control of remodelling