bones and joints

Question 1

Anterior femur palapable structures

Answer 1

adductor tubercle
medial and lateral condyles and epicondyles
lateral buttress wall
patellar surface

Question 2

posterior femur palpable

Answer 2

linea aspera
medial and lateral supracondylar ridges
medial and lateral condyles and epicondyles
popliteal surface
adductor tubercle
intercondylar fossa

Question 3

proximal tibia palpable

Answer 3

medial and lateral tibial condyles
tibial plateau
intercondylar eminence (med and lat)
tibial tuberosity
anterior palpable crest

Question 4

pes anserinus

Answer 4

sartorius
gracilis
semitendinosus

Question 5

proximal fibula palpable

Answer 5

head and neck of fibula
apex of fibula
interosseous membrane

Question 6

patella

Answer 6

sesamoid bone
within quadriceps tendon
patella tendon
triangular shaped
base superior
apex inferior
medial and lateral borders

Question 7

knee joint

Answer 7

largest synovial joint in body
bicondylar modified hinge joint
(between femoral and tibial condyles, menisci attaching to tibial articular surfaces)
2 degrees of movement

Question 8

patella femoral joint

Answer 8

synovial saddle joint

between patellar and femoral articular surfaces

Question 9

femoral articular surfaces

Answer 9

convex antero-posteriorly and medio-laterally
lateral condyle shorter and wider
medial condyle projects more distally
lateral condyle projects more anteriorly
covered in articular cartilage

Question 10

tibial articular surfaces

Answer 10

concave centrally
flatter peripherally, covered with semi-lunar cartilages (menisci)
medial tibial condyle projects further anteroom-posteriorly to accommodate the medial femoral condyle
covered in articular cartilage

Question 11

patellar articular surface

Answer 11

lateral
medial
odd

Question 12

patellar function

Answer 12

improves mechanical efficiency of the quadriceps muscle group by

• increasing lever arm
• increasing angular torque

Question 13

Q angle

Answer 13

• angle between the quadriceps muscles (in particular RF) and patellar tendon
• measured as angle between line from ASIS to centre patella and line from centre patella to tibial tuberosity
• represents angle of quadriceps muscle force

Question 14

patellar stability

Answer 14

q angle
normal angle 13 degrees for men and 18 for females
<13 or >18 considered abnormal
>18 may predispose to patellar lateralisation

Question 15

patella-femoral joint stability

Answer 15

dependant on

• patella position (alta/baja)
• lateral femoral buttress wall
• ratio between VMO and VL
• tightness of lateral retinaculum

Question 16

superior tibio fibular joint

Answer 16

synovial plane joint
head of fibula, tibial lateral condyle, capsule attached around joint margins
ant and post lights of fibular head
small rotational movements during ankle DF/PF +/- gliding

Question 17

menisci

Answer 17

medial 'c' shaped 
lateral 'o' shaped 
2 horns - anterior and posterior
medial narrower and thinner
medial and less mobile and therefore more easily damaged

Question 18

medial meniscus attachments

Answer 18

anterior horn

• intercondylar area + ACL
• transverse and coronary ligaments

posterior horn

• PCL + posterior horn of lateral meniscus
• blends with capsule and medial collateral ligt

Question 19

lateral meniscus attachments

Answer 19

anterior horn

• anterior intercondylar eminence post. to ACL
• transverse and coronary ligaments

posterior horn
-posterior intercondylar area ant. to post. horn of medial meniscus

Question 20

meniscal function

Answer 20

-enhances tibio-femoral joint stability by deepening tibial articular surface
-act as shock absorbers
-conforms to changing shape of femoral condyles during knee movement
outer stouter
inner thinner

Question 21

knee joint capsule posteriorly

Answer 21

• post. femoral condyles and intercondylar fossa

- post. tibial condyles

Question 22

knee joint capsules medially

Answer 22

• blends with gastrocnemius and semimembranosus
• medial articular margins femoral and tibial condyles
• blends with medial collateral ligament

Question 23

knee joint capsule laterally

Answer 23

• lateral femur above politeus
• lateral tibial condyle
• fibula head

Question 24

knee joint capsule anteriorly

Answer 24

• patella and retinaculum

- capsule replaced by quadriceps tendon

Question 25

anterior cruciate ligament attachments

Answer 25

• anterior intercondylar area of tibia
• runs posteriorly, laterally and superiorly
• posterior part of intercondylar area of lateral femoral condyle

Question 26

posterior cruciate ligament attachments

Answer 26

• posterior part of intercondylar area of tibia
• runs anteriorly, medially and superiorly
• lateral surface of medial femoral condyle

Question 27

medial (tibial) collateral ligament

Answer 27

• broad flat ligament
• fan shaped
• approx 10cm long
• medial epicondyle of femur
• medial proximal shaft of tibia
• blends with knee joint capsule and medial meniscus

Question 28

lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

Answer 28

• strong rounded cord
• proximal: lateral femoral epicondyle
• distally: apex of head of fibula
• no connection with the capsule or meniscus

Question 29

collateral ligament function

Answer 29

• MCL limits valgus movement of the tibia on the femur

- LCL limits various movement of tibia on femur

Question 30

bursae

Answer 30

suprapatellar bursa
prepatellar bursa
superficial infrapatellar bursa
deep infrapatella bursa
pes anserinus bursa
semimembranosus bursa

Question 31

patella femoral accessory movements

Answer 31

longitudinal caudal exursion

med side glide, lat side glide

Question 32

knee joint accessory movements

Answer 32

AP glide
PA glide
med side glide, lat side glide

Question 33

superior tibio fibular joint accessory movements

Answer 33

Ap glide

PA glide