Bones and Joints

Question 1

1. How many vertebrae are present in each section of the vertebral column?

Answer 1

• Cervical: 7
• Thoracic: 12
• Lumbar: 5
• Sacral: 5 fused
• Coccygeal: 4 fused

Question 2

2. Which vertebra does not have body?

Answer 2

• Atlas (1st cervical vertebrae)

Question 3

3. Which part of the lumbar vertebra is considered to be a rudiment of a rib?

Answer 3

• Costal process

Question 4

4. Which vertebrae have heart-shaped body?

Answer 4

• Thoracic vertebrae

Question 5

5. In which plane are the superior articular surfaces of the thoracic vertebrae oriented?

Answer 5

• Frontal plane

Question 6

6. Which part of the vertebral column features the highest rotational degree of freedom, and why?

Answer 6

1) Between axis and atlas of cervical vertebrae due to pivot joint with the dens process of C2 instead of the joint of the bodies which creates less rotation

2) There are no ribs which restricts the rotation.

Question 7

7. What is the reason of the lack of torsion in the lumbar part of the vertebral column?

Answer 7

• The shape and orientation (i.e. sagittal) of the articular processes.

Question 8

8. The spinous process of which cervical vertebra is palpable?

Answer 8

• Vertebral prominence on C7

Question 8

9. What is name of the diarthrosis between the adjacent articular processes of the vertebrae?

Answer 8

• Zygapophyseal joint

Question 9

10. What is the type of synarthrosis of the sacrum?

Answer 9

• Synostosis

Question 10

11. Which part of the sacrum is considered to be rudiments of the transverse processes of the vertebrae?

Answer 10

• Lateral sacral crest

Question 11

12. What is the type of the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 11

• Synovial joint = ellipsoidal joint

Question 12

13. Name the ligaments which connect the vertebral arches?

Answer 12

• Supra spinous lig.
• Interspinal lig.
• Ligamentum flavum

mnemonic: Send Irma Love

Question 13

14. Which syndesmosis can be found on the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies? -

Answer 13

• Anterior longitudinal lig.

Question 14

15. Which ligament connects the tips of the spinous precesses of the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 14

• Supraspinous lig.

Question 15

16. Which ligament retains the dens of axis in the fovea of the dens?

Answer 15

• Transverse lig. of atlas

Question 16

17. What are the parts of the atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 16

Lateral antlanto-axial joint = Pivot joint

• Articulation surface:
  1) Inferior articular surface of atlas
  2) Superior articular surface of axis

Median atlanto-axial joint: pivot joint

• Articulation surface:
  1) Dens (or odontoid process) of axis
  2) Fovea / facet for dens (of the atlas)
  3) Anterior articular facet (of the axis)
  4) Posterior articular facet (of the axis)
  5) Transverse ligament of atlas

1.Lateral antlanto-axial joint (articulating facets)
2.Median atlanto-ax

Question 17

18. Name the inner part of the intervertebral discs.

Answer 17

• Nucleus pulposus

Question 18

19. Name the sagittal curvature of the vertebral column on the cervical and lumbar parts.

Answer 18

• Lordosis

Question 19

20. Name the sagittal curvature of the vertebral column on the thoracic and sacral parts.

Answer 19

• Kyphosis

Question 20

21.Which of the two lordoses forms first? -=

Answer 20

• Cervical lordosis

Question 21

22. What are the major parts of the sternum?

Answer 21

1. Manubrium
2. Body
3. Xiphoid process

Question 22

23. At which vertebral level does the trans thoracic plane of the sternal angle go through?

Answer 22

• T4 / T5

Question 23

24. Which rib articulates with the sternum next to the sternal angle?

Answer 23

• 2nd rib

Question 24

25. What are the classes of the ribs?

Answer 24

- True ribs (1-7) or vertebrosternal - False ribs (8-10) or vertebrochondral - Floating ribs (11-12) or vertebral ribs

Question 25

26. Which joints participate in the respiratory movements?

Answer 25

- Costovertebral joints - Sternocostal - Manubriosternal

Question 26

27.What are the parts of the costovertebral joints?

Answer 26

- Joint of head of rib - Costal tubercle with transverse process of thoracic vertebrae (costotransverse joint)

Question 27

28. What anatomical item closes the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 27

- Diaphragm

Question 28

29. What are the two major parts of the diaphragm?

Answer 28

- Muscular part - Central tendon

Question 29

30.Where do the muscle fibers of the muscular part of the diaphragm originate from?

Answer 29

- Lumbar vertebrae - Costal cartilage of ribs 7-10 - Ribs 11-12 - Xiphoid process of sternum (Mnemonic : X’s Come Right and Left

Question 30

31.List the named openings of the diaphragm.

Answer 30

- Caval opening of Diaphragm (inferior vena cava opening) - Aortic hiatus - Oesophageal hiatus ## Footnote I 8 10 Eggs @ 12 (mnemonic) IYKYK

Question 31

32.In which part of the diaphragm is the caval opening located?

Answer 31

- Locate on central tendon at level of T8