Bones and Joints

Question 1

What does the skeleton compose of?

Answer 1

Bone and cartilage

Question 2

Name some functions of bones.

Answer 2

support, protection, calcium metabolism, red blood cell production and skeletal muscle attachment.

Question 3

What is endochrondal ossification?

Answer 3

When hyaline cartilage grows and turns to bone.

Question 4

What is the structure of bone?

Answer 4

There is the outer cortex which is made of strong, dense compact bone. Then the inner medulla which is spongey bone. Then the central medulla cavity which may contain bone marrow.

Question 5

What is the periosteum?

Answer 5

an outer layer surrounding bones. There are sensory nerves within it

Question 6

What are the stages in fracture healing?

Answer 6

1. initial healing when callus of new bone surrounds fracture line.
2. callus remodelling (re assuming normal shape)
3. healed

Question 7

What is a bony feature? Give examples.

Answer 7

they are functional bone pieces which develop during bone growth. They have the best shape for their job.

e.g. greater tubercle of humerus, styloid process of radius, tibial tuberosity, femoral condyle, lesser trochanter.

Question 8

What are the bones of the axial skeleton?

Answer 8

bones of the skull,neck and trunk.

Question 9

What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 9

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic gridle, lower limbs.

Question 10

What is the cranial vault?

Answer 10

the space in the skull within the neurocranium occupied by the brain

Question 11

Name the 5 regions of the spine and how many vertebrae are in each?

Answer 11

Cervical (7), thoracic(12), lumbar(5),sacral(5 to form 1) and coccygeal (4 to form 1)

Question 12

What is the function of the vertebral foramen?

Answer 12

to form the vertebral canal to protect the spinal cord

Question 13

What is the function of the intervertebral foramen?

Answer 13

to protect the spinal nerves connecting with the spinal cord

Question 14

What is the other name of Cervical Vertebrae 1? What is special about it?

Answer 14

ATLAS.

it has no body or spinous processes. still has anterior and posterior arches.

Question 15

What is the other name for Cervical Vertebrae 2? What is special about it?

Answer 15

AXIS.
It has C1’s body
Forms a pivot joint
Odontoid process.

Question 16

What feature is shared by all cervical vertebrae?

Answer 16

Transverse foraminae

Question 17

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

Answer 17

2 hip bones

Question 18

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 18

2 scapula and 2 clavicals

Question 19

What is a joint?

Answer 19

an articulation between adjacent parts of the skeleton which allow us to move

Question 20

What joint connects the skull to the vertebrae?

Answer 20

craniovertebral joints

Question 21

What joins ribs to cartilage?

Answer 21

costochondral joints

Question 22

What joins cartilage to sternum?

Answer 22

sternocostal joints

Question 23

Name 2 types of Firbrous joints and give an example of each.

Answer 23

1.sutures-coronal suture
2. fibrous sheets- interosseous membrane between radius and ulna.
These are highly stable joints.

Question 24

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints? Give examples.

Answer 24

1. primary -epiphyseal growth plate

2. secondary- intervertebral discs

Question 25

Name 5 types of synovial joints.

Answer 25

1. ball and socket 2. pivot 3. plane 4. hinge. 5. biaxial

Question 26

Give an example of a pivot joint

Answer 26

the C1-C2 joint (allantoaxial joint) which allows rotation of the neck

Question 27

Give an example of a ball and socket joint

Answer 27

shoulder hip these allow all kinds of movement

Question 28

give and example of a plane joint

Answer 28

acromioclavicular joint | there is minimal movement in 1 plane

Question 29

give an example of a hinge joint

Answer 29

elbow knee allow reasonable movement in 1 plane

Question 30

give an example of a biaxial joint

Answer 30

in hands and feet reasonable movement in 1 plane and less in another

Question 31

Name some typical features of a synovial joint

Answer 31

``` 2 or more bones cartilage ligament tendons joint cavity capsule bursae ```

Question 32

Where is synovial fluid kept and what is its function?

Answer 32

it is in the joint cavity | it lubricates the joint and provides the hyaline cartilage with nutrients

Question 33

what is the function of cartilage in a joint

Answer 33

to reduce friction

Question 34

What is hypermobility?

Answer 34

when the joints are more flexible than normal

Question 35

in terms of joints, what does slipped mean?

Answer 35

ligament injury or slipped disc where bones are still in normal anatomical relationship to each other

Question 36

in terms of joints, what does subluxation mean?

Answer 36

reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

Question 37

in terms of joints , what does dislocation mean?

Answer 37

complete loss of contact

Question 38

Where is the temporomandibular joint? Describe it.

Answer 38

it is the articulation between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superiorly and the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly.