Bones and Joints Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is endochondral ossification?
A cartilage is formed as a precursor on which new bone is laid down
What is intramembranos ossification?
The direct laying down of bone into the primary connective tissue, no intermediate cartilage
What is the diaphysis?
The shaft of a long bone
What is the metaphysis?
The wide portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and narrow diaphysis
What is the periosteum?
A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surface of the joints
What is avascular necrosis?
Death of bone due to interruption of blood supply
What is a joint?
An articulation between two or more bones
What are the structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What is another name for fibrous joints?
Fixed or immovable joints, because they do not move
Give an example of a fibrous joint?
Joints of the skull
What cartilage is found at synovial joints?
Articular cartilage
What is a bursa?
A sack lined with synovial membrane
What is a tendon sheath?
An elongated bursa wrapped around a tendon
What is the function of the bursa?
Function of a bursa is to facillitate the movement and reduce friction between moving parts
What is Hilton’s law?
The nerves supplying the joint capsule also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles
What is a planar joint?
Articulating surface is flat or slightly curved
Gliding or sliding movements
What is a hinge joint?
Uniaxial movement, like a door.
Pulley shaped: Convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another
Elbow or knee
Pivot joint
Uniaxial movement
Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within ring formed by the concavity of another bone and a fibrous ligament
Proximal radio-ulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint
What is a saddle joint?
One bone is saddle shaped, the other bone resembles the legs of the rider
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction
Examples 1st carpometacarpal joint
What is a ball and socket joint?
Ball like surface of one bone fits into cup like surface of another
What factors affect joint stability?
Structure and shape of articulating bones
Strength of joint ligaments
Arrangement of muscles and tone
What are the effects of ageing on the joints?
Decreased production of synovial fluid
Thinning of articular cartilage
Shortening of ligaments and decreased flexibility
Degenerative changes
What are the X-ray findings of OA on an X ray?
Osteophytes
Joint space narrowing
Bone Cysts
Subarticular sclerosis
What are the X-ray features of Rheumatoid arthritis?
Narrowing of joint space
Periarticular osteopenia
Juxta-articular bony erosions
Subluxation and gross deformity
