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Musculo-Skeletal > Bones and Joints of the Upper limb > Flashcards

Bones and Joints of the Upper limb Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What two structures on the humerus articulate with the radius and ulnar?

A

Capitulum

Trochlea

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2
Q

Why are children more likely to get student’s elbow?

A

The annular ligament is weaker in children

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3
Q

What are the names of the two collateral ligaments of the elbow complex?

A

Medical collateral ligament

Lateral collateral ligament

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4
Q

What do the collateral ligaments attach to?

A

The epicondyles

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5
Q

What can happen if the rotator cuff muscles are weak?

A

The humerus slide upwards with the movement of the deltoid

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6
Q

What aspect/side of the ulnar is the coronoid process on?

A

Anterior

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7
Q

What is the scapulo-thoracic joint?

A

A pseudo-joint between the scapulae and chest wall

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8
Q

What do all hinge joint have?

A

Collateral ligaments

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9
Q

What happens to hyaline cartilage with age?

A

It breaks down and is replaced by bone

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10
Q

Why is the a fold in the glenohumeral capsule?

A

Increase range of motion

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11
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle lie anterior to the joint?

A

Subscapularis

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12
Q

What does the synovial membrane do?

A

Lines all non-articular surfaces within the capsule

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13
Q

What is located in the olecranon fossa?

A

Olecranon bursae - fat pads to facilitate movement

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14
Q

Which radioulnar joint has a triangular fibrocartilage complex (disc)?

A

The distal one

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15
Q

What is the purpose of having an attachment between the LCL and annular ligament?

A

Allows pronation and supination of forearm

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16
Q

What makes the acromioclavicular joint vunerable to dislocation?

A

It is in the sagittal plane

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17
Q

What joins the shaft of the ulnar and radius?

A

Interosseous membrane

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18
Q

How can you test if the axillary nerve has been damaged in a dislocation?

A

Prick the skin innervated by that nerve

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19
Q

What is a labrum?

A

Fibrous socket that increases the depth of a joint

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20
Q

What is cubitus vulgus?

A

Abnormal abduction of forearm when in extension

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21
Q

Which side of the humerus does the head of the radius articulate?

A

Lateral

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22
Q

How does the clavicle afffect the glenohumeral joint?

A

Increase the range of motion

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23
Q

What is the name of the feature of the ulnar that forms the point of the elbow?

A

Olecranon

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24
Q

What does the coracoclavicular joint connect?

A

Coronoid tubercle of the clavicle to the coronoid process of the scapulae

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25
When does subluxation of the sternoclavicular joint occur?
Rarely, mainly associated with trauma
26
Describe two features of the glenohumeral joint
Incongruenous - large head of humerus into shallow gleno fossa Loose capsule on the medial surface - enables movement
27
What are the names of the joints of the clavicle?
Stenoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint
28
What does congruent mean in terms of joints?
There is a relatively high amount of surface articulating
29
What is the function of fat pad within a joint?
Spread synovial fluid
30
What stabilises the acromioclavicular joint?
Coracoclavicular ligament
31
What are bursae?
Sacks of synovial fluid
32
What can attach to a labrum?
Muscle
33
What type of dislocation is associated with a fracture of the coronoid process?
Posterior
34
In what position is the elbow joint most secure?
Full extension
35
What is the difference between an epiphysis and fracture on a x-ray?
Fracture are jagged, epiphyses are straight
36
What muscle attaches to the gleno-labrum?
Long head of the bicep
37
What commonly happens the subacromial bursa in certain sports?
Bursitis
38
Describe a grade 3 acromioclavicular subluxation
The acromioclavicular ligament and coracoclavicular ligament are both ruptured
39
What are the 5 layers of the glenohumeral joint
Bone Labrum Capsule Tendons Coraco-acromial ligaments
40
Describe two features of hyaline/articular cartilage
Avascular Aneural
41
What stabilises fibrous capsules?
Intrinsic/extrinsic ligaments Muscles
42
Where does the capsule of the glenohumeral joint attach to the humerus
Anatomical neck above Surgical neck below
43
What are the implications of the tight connection between bones made by the interosseous membrane?
A force that breaks one bone can be transferred to break the other The two RU joints function as together
44
What are the attachments of the lateral collateral ligament?
Humerus Annular ligament
45
What rotator cuff muscles lies superiorly to the joint
Supraspinatus
46
Which rotator cuff muscles lie inferiorly to the joint?
None
47
Which joints are contained in the elbow complex capsule
Elbow joint Proximal radioulnar joint
48
What are the key features of the sternoclavicular joint?
Strong fibrouscapsule and intra-articular disc Very stable Costoclavicular joint for stability
49
What can cubitus vulgus result in?
Friction of the ulnar nerve
50
Which collateral ligament of the of the elbow joint is stronger?
The medial
51
Which rotator cuff muscle lie posteriorly to the joint?
Teres minor Infraspinatus
52
Where the rotator muscle originate and insert?
Originate - Scapulae Insert - Glenohumeral capsule
53
What is the most common direction of shoulder dislocation? Why?
Inferio-anterior No inferior rotator cuff muscle
54
What are the potential complications with bursae?
Infection can spread through them
55
What is an avulsion injury?
An injury where there is tear off of a limb
56
What movement is restricted as the glenohumeral capsule tightens with age?
Abduction
57
What is an epiphyses?
The end of a long bone that articulates at a joint
58
What is the function of disc/menisci within joints?
Absorb shock Fill out any irregularities
59
What are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff?
Teres minor Infraspinatus Supraspinatus Subscapularis
60
What is the function of collateral ligaments?
Prevent abduction and adduction
61
What occurs in students elbow?
Radial head is pulled out of the annular ligament
62
What 2 structures protect the head of the humerus?
Subacromial bursa Subacromial ligament
63
Where do fat pads lie within joints?
Intra-articular but extrasynovial
64
Where are three common sites for fracture of the humerus?
Surgical neck Mid-shaft Supracondylar
65
Where are factures of the clavicle most common?
Between the lateral 1/3 and medial 2/3s - the point of greatest curvature therefore weakness
66
Name the carpal bones, from lateral to medial
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
67
What is a sesamoid bone?
A bone located in a tendon
68
What type of bone are metacarpals?
Long bone
69
What do sesamoid bones do?
Create a tunnel Reduce friction
70
What forms the floor and proximal wall of the anatomical snuff box?
Floor: scaphoid Wall: Styloid process radius
71
What do retinaculum do?
Hold down tendons, in and around joint usually
72
Which nerve is affected in carpal tunnel syndrome?
Median nerve
73
Where are the sesamoid bones of in the hand?
Pisiform - carpal Thumb x2 Index finger (aka second finger)
74
Which tendon is the pisiform bone inside?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
75
Which carpals bones have tubercles?
Scaphoid Trapezium
76
Which carpal bone is the largest?
Capitate
77
Which carpals make up the radialcarpal joint?
Scaphoid Lunate
78
Which is the first carpal to ossify?
Capitate
79
In what direction do the carpal bone sequentially ossify?
Anti-clockwise
80
What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?
Synovial, Ellipsoid
81
What makes up the wrist complex?
Radiocarpal joint Intercarpal joint
82
What movements happen at the wrist complex?
Flexion/Extension Radial/Ulnar deviation
83
Which movement is greatest at the wrist, flexion or extension?
Flexion
84
Which movement is greatest at the wrist, ulnar or radial deviation?
Ulnar
85
Which intercarpal joint is the most important?
Scaphoid and lunate with the capitate
86
How do the movements at intercarpals differ from the radiocarpal?
Opposite Greater flexion Greater radial deviation
87
What direction do the intercarpal ligaments generally run?
From the radius to across to the carpals
88
What is the primarily purpose of the intercarpal ligaments?
Preventing the carpals from sliding proxi-medially
89
Which side of the palm has more ligaments, the palmar or dorsal?
Palmar
90
Where do the tendons of the forearm muscles generally attach?
Metacarpals
91
Where is the radius most commonly fractured?
Distal end
92
Which carpal is most commonly fractured?
Scaphoid
93
Which carpal is most commonly subluxed?
Lunate
94
What does FOOSH stand for?
Fall on out stretched hand
95
What commonly results from a fall on out stretched hand?
Fracture of distal radius causing dinner fork structure
96
What can happen to scaphoid blood supply after a fracture?
Blood supply to the proximal end is removed - avascular necrosis
97
What type of joint in the thumb carpometacarpal?
Saddle
98
What movements happen at the metacarpophalangeal joints?
Extension/Flexion Add/Abd
99
What extra movement does the thumb joint allow?
Opposition
100
What is a condyloid joint?
Oval shape into ellipsoid cavity
101
What is the volar plate?
Fibrocartilaginous joint that increases the articular surface of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal
102
What occurs in a Swan neck deformity?
A phalanx bone breaks through the ventral volar plate
103
What occurs in a Boutonniere deformity?
Phalanx breaks through a dorsal volar plate

Musculo-Skeletal (7 decks)

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