bones and structure Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are the primary functions of bones in the human body?
Bones provide a rigid structure, act as levers for muscles, protect vital organs, store minerals, and are involved in hematopoiesis.
Bones provide a rigid structure, act as levers for muscles, protect vital organs, store minerals, and are involved in hematopoiesis.
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact bone and cancellous bone (trabecular)
Both types have the same material but differ in structure and function.
What is the gross structure of compact bone?
Strong, dense, tightly packed, and transmits force in one direction
Compact bone has no gaps and all structures line up in one direction.
What is the gross structure of cancellous bone?
Light, spongy, shock absorbent, and resists forces from multiple directions
Cancellous bone has a criss-cross structure that allows for shock absorption.
What defines a long bone?
Longer than they are wide, composed of a wider epiphysis and a longer diaphysis
Examples include limb bones like the femur.
Where is marrow found in long bones?
In the medullary cavity
The diaphysis contains yellow marrow in adults, while red marrow is found in the epiphysis.
What characterizes short bones?
Close to equal width and length, mostly cancellous bone with a thin layer of compact bone
Found in areas that need to absorb shock, such as hands and feet.
What is the function of flat bones?
Muscle attachment and protection
Examples include the scapula and skull.
What defines irregular bones?
Various shapes and functions that do not fit into other categories
Examples include vertebrae and pelvis.
What is the difference between the humerus and femur?
Humerus is shorter and lighter; femur has deeper articulation for stability
Humerus allows for more movement, while femur is more stable.
What is the role of the pectoral girdle?
Joins the bones of the upper limb to the axial skeleton, allowing for free movement
Composed of the clavicle and scapula.
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
Ilium, pubis, ischium (Os Coxae)
These bones attach to the femur and sacrum.
How does the pelvis differ between males and females?
Females have a more circular pelvic cavity and a more open pelvic outlet for childbirth
This anatomical difference allows for safer delivery.
What is included in the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Protects vital organs and supports the body’s core.
What are the sections of the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx
Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5); sacrum and coccyx vary.
What is the function of the rib cage?
Protects vital organs and allows for breathing
Composed of ribs and sternum, with 12 pairs of ribs.
What defines the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the limbs important for movement
Includes upper and lower limbs, arm, forearm, thigh, and leg.
What is the evolutionary significance of the human skeleton’s shape?
Adapted for bipedalism and manipulation of the environment
Allows for walking on two limbs and performing fine motor tasks.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the part of the skeleton that protects the brain.
skull
The skull consists of cranial and facial bones.
True or False: Cancellous bone is dense and tightly packed.
False
Cancellous bone is light and spongy.
