Bones, joints and cartilage

Question 1

The Musculoskeletal System - Function

Answer 1

Support
Movement
Protection
Produces blood cells
Storesminerals

Question 2

skeleton is comprised of two main tissue types

Answer 2

Bone+Cartilage

Question 3

Bone-structure

Answer 3

compact (exterior) and trabecular (interior)
long, short (usually cuboidal), flat (slightly curved) and irregular

Question 4

Cartilage- examples

Answer 4

hyaline, fibro and elastic

Question 5

hyaline

Answer 5

growth plate, joint surfaces and temporary scaffold

Question 6

fibrocartilage

Answer 6

intervertebral discs; menisci (pads) in joint spaces

Question 7

elastic

Answer 7

external ear, epiglottis and larynx

Question 8

bone- function

Answer 8

support, protection, muscle attachment (locomotion), minerals, hematopoiesis, lipis storage

Question 9

cartilage- function

Answer 9

template for bone formation, growth of long bones, smooth, articulating joint surface

Question 10

bone- water content

Answer 10

20-25

Question 11

cartilage- water content

Answer 11

75-80

Question 12

bone- cell types

Answer 12

osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

Question 13

cartilage- cell types

Answer 13

chondroblasts
chondrocytes

Question 14

osteoblasts

Answer 14

forms bone tissue

Question 15

osteocytes

Answer 15

most abundant amount of bone tissue

Question 16

osteoclasts

Answer 16

bone reabsorbing, the destruction of bone matrix

Question 17

How many bones are there in the body and where are they from

Answer 17

206 bones in total
Axial Skeleton-80
Appendicular skeleton-126

Question 18

Axial Skeleton

Answer 18

bones of the skull vertebral column and ribs

Question 19

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 19

bones of the limbs, pelvis, scapula and clavicle

Question 20

osteogenic cells

Answer 20

stem cells- develops into an osteoblast

osteogenic cells to osteoblast to osteocytes

Question 21

Skeleton develops from

Answer 21

the embryonic mesenchyme
unspecialised cells in a gel-like matrix

Question 22

what is the Intramembranous ossification

Answer 22

cells aggregate insites of bone development

mesenchymal cells migrate and form condensations

bone forms directly within the condensation

Formation of ossification centre to Osteocytes develop mineral salts - calcification
to Formation of trabeculae
to Development of periosteum, spongy bone and compact bone tissue

Question 23

what is the Endochondral ossification ( majority of bones)

Answer 23

a cartilage template forms

the cartilage template is replaced by bone

Question 24

Bone Growth – Interstitial(Length)

Answer 24

Growth - Cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone
Remodelling - Bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth

Question 25

Maintenance of Adult Bone: Remodelling

Answer 25

No change in net bone mass: allows bone to adapt to changes in mechanical loading and retain its structural integrity

Question 26

As you get older the vertebral bodys …

Answer 26

trabeculae are thinner, fewer and more widely spaced

Question 27

Bone Regeneration: Fracture Healing

Answer 27

1. hematoma- blood released from damaged blood vessels forms a hematoma
2. callus formation- the internal callus forms between the ends of the bones, and the external callus forms a collar around the break
3. callus ossification- woven spongy bone replaces the internal and external calluses
4. bone remodeling- compact bone replaces woven bone, and part of the internal callus is removed, restoring the medullary cavity

Question 28

Joints-

Answer 28

between two or more bones

Question 29

Joints-Classified according to the range of motion they exhibit and the types of tissue that holds the bone together

Answer 29

synovial joints, fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints

Question 30

The largest and most important class are

Answer 30

synovial joints are
diarthroses (allow free movement)

Question 31

There are six subtypes of synovial joint

Answer 31

planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Question 32

Structure of a Synovial Joint

Answer 32

Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid in the joint cavity
Bonesconnected by ligaments
Musclesattached to bone by tendons
Articular capsuleinnervated by nerves but lacks blood vessels
Nutrientsprovided by diffusion from the synovial fluid

Question 33

plane joint

Answer 33

unite bones using cartilage
example
planar joint between navicular and the second and third cuneiforms of tarsus in foot

Question 34

hinge joint

Answer 34

uniaxial movement
example
between trochlea of humorous and the trochlear notch of ulna at the elbow

Question 35

pivot joint

Answer 35

uniaxial movement
example
head of the radius and radial notch of the ulna

Question 36

condylar joint

Answer 36

biaxial movement
example
between radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of the wrist

Question 37

saddle joint

Answer 37

biaxial movement
between trapezium of the wrist and metacarpal of the thumb

Question 38

ball and socket

Answer 38

multiaxial movement
example
between head of the femur and acetabulum of the hip bone

Question 39

osteoarthritis

Answer 39

bones rubbing against each other due to thinned out cartilage