Bones, Joints, Soft Tissue

Question 1

extracellular component of bone

Answer 1

bone matrix

Question 2

65% of bone matrix is the _________ component

Answer 2

mineral

Question 3

35% of bone matrix is the _________ component

Answer 3

organic

Question 4

organic component is called

Answer 4

osteoid

Question 5

unmineralized portion of the bone matrix seen histologically that is composed mostly of Type I collagen

Answer 5

osteoid

Question 6

another name for osteopontin

Answer 6

osteocalcin

Question 7

protein produced by osteoblasts unique to bone

Answer 7

osteopontin/osteocalcin

Question 8

extracellular structural protein that serves as a marker for osteoblast activity, plays a role in bone formation, mineralization, calcium homeostasis

Answer 8

osteopontin

Question 9

give bone tensile strength and resistance to stress

Answer 9

collagen fibers

Question 10

specialized multinucleated macrophages derived from circulating monocytes that are responsible for bone resorption

Answer 10

osteoclasts

Question 11

detects mechanical forces and translate them into biologic activity - mechanotransduction

Answer 11

osteocytes

Question 12

located on the surface of the matrix and responsible for the synthesis, transport, and assembly of the matrix/mineralization

Answer 12

osteoblasts

Question 13

type of compact bone that is more cellular and disorganized

Answer 13

woven bone

Question 14

type of compact bone that has organized parallel collagen fibers

Answer 14

lamellar bone

Question 15

lamellar bone is found in

Answer 15

adults

Question 16

woven bone is found in

Answer 16

fetuses

Question 17

most bones develop from a cartilage mold by the process of

Answer 17

endochondral ossification

Question 18

removes the central portion of the mold creating the medullary canal at about 8 weeks gestation

Answer 18

chondroclasts

Question 19

flat bone development where osteoblasts make bone

Answer 19

intramembranous ossification

Question 20

long bones are developed through

Answer 20

endochondral ossification

Question 21

type of growth in intramembranous ossification

Answer 21

appositional growth

Question 22

about ___% of the skeleton is replaced annually

Answer 22

10

Question 23

localized disruption of migration and condensation of mesenchyme

Answer 23

dysostosis

Question 24

complete absence of a bone or an entire digit

Answer 24

aplasia

Question 25

extra bones or digits

Answer 25

supernumerary digit

Question 26

abnormal fusion of bones (2)

Answer 26

syndactyly, craniosynostosis

Question 27

global disorganization of bone/cartilage

Answer 27

dysplasia

Question 28

extra bones that occur within a cranial suture

Answer 28

Wormian bone

Question 29

most common skeletal dysplasia and major cause of dwarfism

Answer 29

achondroplasia

Question 30

mutations in achondroplasia almost always occur from new mutations in the ____________ allele

Answer 30

paternal

Question 31

most common lethal form of dwarfism

Answer 31

thanatophoric dysplasia

Question 32

underdeveloped thoracic cavity leading to respiratory insufficiency and death

Answer 32

thanatophoric dysplasia

Question 33

type 1 collagen disease

Answer 33

osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 34

brittle bone disease

Answer 34

osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 35

most common inherited disorder of connective tissue

Answer 35

osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 36

most common ocular sign for osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 36

blue sclera

Question 37

marble bone disease/Albers-Schonberg disease

Answer 37

osteopetrosis

Question 38

reduced bone resorption and diffuse symmetric skeletal sclerosis due to impaired function/formation of osteoclasts

Answer 38

osteopetrosis

Question 39

group of lysosomal storage diseases caused by deficiencies in the enzynmes that degrade dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate

Answer 39

mucopolysaccharidoses

Question 40

these accumulate inside chondrocytes and cause apoptosis and structural defects in articular cartilage

Answer 40

mucopolysaccharides

Question 41

refers to decreased bone mass

Answer 41

osteopenia

Question 42

osteopenia that is severe enough to significantly increase the risk of fracture

Answer 42

osteoporosis

Question 43

fracture where the overlying skin is intact

Answer 43

simple

Question 44

fracture where the bone communicates with the skin surface

Answer 44

compound

Question 45

fracture where the bone is fragmented

Answer 45

comminuted

Question 46

fracture where the ends of the bone at the fracture site are not aligned

Answer 46

displaced

Question 47

a slowly developing fracture that follows a period of increased physical activity in which the bone is subjected to repetitive loads

Answer 47

stress

Question 48

fracture extending only partially through the bone, common in infants when bones are soft

Answer 48

greenstick

Question 49

fracture involving bone weakened by an underlying disease process, such as a tumor

Answer 49

pathologic

Question 50

infarction of bone and marrow

Answer 50

avascular necrosis /osteonecrosis

Question 51

inflammation of bone and marrow, usually always secondary to an infection

Answer 51

osteomyelitis

Question 52

bacteria that causes most pyogenic osteomyelitis

Answer 52

staph aureus

Question 53

dead bone in association with osteomyelitis

Answer 53

sequestrum

Question 54

another name for tuberculous spondylitis

Answer 54

Pott disease

Question 55

skeletal congenital syphilis manifestatin

Answer 55

saber shin

Question 56

most bone neoplasms occur here

Answer 56

long bones

Question 57

most common malignancy of bone

Answer 57

metastasis

Question 58

only means of definitive diagnosis for bone tumors

Answer 58

biopsy

Question 59

two benign bone tumors

Answer 59

osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma

Question 60

discrete oval or round mass of reddish-brown tissue within the cortex of the involved bone lesion in osteoid osteoma

Answer 60

nidus

Question 61

benign bone tumor that is less than 2 cm

Answer 61

osteoid osteoma

Question 62

benign bone tumor that is greater than 2 cm

Answer 62

osteoblastoma

Question 63

most common primary malignant bone tumor

Answer 63

osteosarcoma

Question 64

osteosarcomas usually arise in this region of the long bones

Answer 64

metaphysis

Question 65

triangular shadow between cortex and raised ends of periosteum in osteosarcoma

Answer 65

Codman triangle

Question 66

most common benign bone tumor

Answer 66

osteochondroma

Question 67

benign tumors of hyaline cartilage that usually occur in bones of endochondral origin

Answer 67

chondroma

Question 68

chondroma that arises within the medullary cavity

Answer 68

enchondromas

Question 69

chondroma that arises on the surface of bone

Answer 69

juxtacortical chondroma

Question 70

most common intraosseous cartilage tumors

Answer 70

chondromas

Question 71

two disorders characterized by multiple enchondromas

Answer 71

Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome

Question 72

this cancer is lethal in approx. 50% of cases

Answer 72

sarcoma

Question 73

more frequently involves the knee

Answer 73

osteosarcoma

Question 74

commonly involves the pelvic and proximal extremities

Answer 74

chondrosarcoma

Question 75

cancerous cells that produce osteoid matrix or mineralized bone

Answer 75

osteosarcoma

Question 76

~50% of osteosarcomas occur about the

Answer 76

knee

Question 77

malignant bone tumor characterized by primitive round cells without obvious differentiation

Answer 77

Ewing sarcoma

Question 78

90% of chondrosarcomas are

Answer 78

central (intramedullary)

Question 79

binucleation of chondrocytes are seen in

Answer 79

chondrosarcoma

Question 80

important prognostic finding in Ewing sarcoma that should be described in the gross

Answer 80

amount of chemotherapy induced necrosis

Question 81

second most common group of bone sarcomas in children

Answer 81

ewing sarcoma

Question 82

these rosettes are present in primitive neruoectodermal tumors

Answer 82

Homer-Wright

Question 83

has histology of multinucleated osteoclast-type giant cells

Answer 83

giant cell tumors

Question 84

tumor characterized by multiloculated blood-filled cystic spaces

Answer 84

aneursymal bone cysts

Question 85

secondary ABC can present in these two primary neoplasms

Answer 85

giant cell tumor, chondroblastoma

Question 86

fibrous cortical defects are classified as non-ossifying fibromas if they grow to

Answer 86

5-6cm

Question 87

this lesion lacks osteoblastic rimming

Answer 87

fibrous dysplasia

Question 88

characterized by fibrous dysplasia and soft tissue myxomas

Answer 88

Mazabraud syndrome

Question 89

associated with café-au-lait skin pigmentations and endocrine abnormalities, especially precocious puberty

Answer 89

McCune-Albright syndrome

Question 90

degenerative joint disease

Answer 90

osteoarthritis

Question 91

most common type of joint disease

Answer 91

osteoarthritis

Question 92

prominent osteophytes at the distal interphalangeal joints, that are common in women (but not men).

Answer 92

Heberden nodes

Question 93

4 systemic diseases at risk for osteoarthritis

Answer 93

-diabetes -ochronosis -hemochromatosis -marked obesity