Bones of the Pelvic Limb Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
The pelvis consists of the right and left ___ ___ (plural).
A
ossa coxarum
2
Q
The ossa coxarum are united ventrally at the pelvic ___ and dorsally by the ___.
A
symphysis; sacrum
3
Q
Each os coxae (singular) is comprised of four bones: ___, ___, ___, ___.
A
ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabular bone
4
Q
The acetabular bone is no longer grossly visible in the adult, but contributes to the formation of the ___.
A
acetabulum
5
Q
The ___ ___ forms a complete ring shaped structure when the pelvis articulates with the sacral vertebrae (sacrum).
A
pelvic girdle
6
Q
There is a pelvic ___ and pelvic ___ and between the two is the pelvic ___.
A
inlet; outlet; canal
7
Q
Note the slope of the pelvis in the cow versus the horse. The ___ slants dorsally and the initial part of the ___ ___ is narrowed. The pelvis of the cow is not as well adapted for parturition as that of the equine mare.
A
ischium; pelvic canal
8
Q
The pelvis is comprised of three basic regions, the ___ ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___.
A
pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet, pelvic canal
9
Q
Notable structures of the os coxae include the ___ and the ___ foramen.
A
acetabulum; obturator
10
Q
Notable structures of the acetabulum include the acetabular ___ and the acetabular ___.
A
notch; fossa
11
Q
Notable structures of the ___ include the wing, body, iliac crest, tuber coxae, lateral area for the rectus femoris, tuber sacrale, greater ischiatic notch, gluteal surface, auricular surface, and arcuate line.
A
ilium
12
Q
The wing of the ilium is expanded in the ___ region.
A
cranial
13
Q
The body of the ilium comprises the ___ compressed ___ part of the ilium.
A
laterally; caudal
14
Q
The iliac crest is the ___ projecting margin of the ilium.
A
dorsocranial
15
Q
In the dog, the tuber coxae comprises the cranial ventral iliac ___. It is the ___ projecting portion of the ilium.
A
spine; cranioventral
16
Q
In the horse, the tuber coxae projects ___ and is nearly ___ in orientation.
A
laterally; vertical
17
Q
In the ox, the tuber coxae projects ___ and is often referred to as the ___.
A
laterally; hooks
18
Q
The lateral area for the rectus femoris is located ___ to the acetabulum.
A
cranial
19
Q
The lateral area for the rectus femoris serves as the origin of the rectus femoris head of the ___ ___ muscle.
A
quadratus femoris
20
Q
In the dog, the tuber sacrale is comprised of the cranial dorsal ___ ___, and caudal dorsal iliac spine, and the region between them.
A
iliac spine
21
Q
In the horse and ox, the tuber sacrale is not divided. True or False
A
True
22
Q
The ___ ___ ___ is the dorsal depression of the ilium over which the ischiatic (sciatic) nerve passes.
A
greater ischiatic notch
23
Q
In the horse, the ___ ligament attaches to the medial body of the ilium and the ischial spine.
A
sacrosciatic
24
Q
In the horse, there is a foramen in the sacrosciatic ligament, the ___ ___ foramen, for certain structures to leave the pelvic cavity.
A
greater sciatic
25
The greater sciatic ___ is reduced in the horse in comparison to the ox due to the attachment of the sacrosciatic ligament to the body of the ilium.
foramen
26
In comparison to the horse, the greater sciatic foramen in the ox is large since the sacrosciatic ligament does not attach to the medial body of the ___.
ilium
27
The ___ surface forms the lateral depression of the ilium.
gluteal
28
The gluteal surface of the ilium serves as the attachment for the ___ and ___ gluteal muscles.
middle; deep
29
The ___ surface forms the medially located roughened area of the ilium.
auricular
30
The auricular surface of the ilium articulates with the auricular surface of the ___ to form the ___ joint.
sacrum; sacroiliac
31
The ___ line extends along the ventromedial edge of the ilium from its auricular surface to the ___ eminence of the pubis and forms the lateral border of the pelvic inlet.
arcuate; iliopubic
32
Notable structures of the ___ include the ischiatic tuberosity, ischiatic spine, lesser ischiatic notch, ischiatic table, and ischiatic arch.
ischium
33
The hamstring muscles originate from the ischiatic ___ in the dog and from the ischiatic ___ in the horse and in the ox.
tuberosity; tuber
34
The three muscles of hamstring group are the ___ ___, ___, and ___.
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
35
The left and right crura of the penis take their origin from the ___ aspect of the ischiatic tuberosity/tuber.
medial
36
The ischiatic tuberoisty/tuber serves as the attachment site for the ___ ligament, which forms part of the lateral border of the pelvic canal.
sacrotuberous
37
The sacrotuberous ligament in the dog is a cord-like structure extending from the ___ to the ___ tuberosity.
sacrum; ishciatic
38
In the dog, the ___ ___ and ___ ___ muscles take part of their origin from the sacrotuberous ligament.
biceps femoris; superfical gluteal
39
A tuber is larger than a tuberosity. True or False
True
40
The small animal sacrotuberous ligament is called the ___ sacrotuberous ligament or ___ ligament in large animals.
broad; sacrosciatic
41
In the horse, the sacrosciatic ligment has an attachment to the ___ aspect of the body of the ilium and ischial spine as well as to the sacrum, caudal vertebrae, and ischial tuber.
medial
42
In the ox, the ischial tuber projects ___ and it often referred to as the pins.
dorsally
43
In the ox, the ischial tuber is ___, meaning that is has three processes.
tripartite
44
In the ox, the sacrosciatic ligament has attachments to the sacrum, caudal vertebrae, ischial spine, and ___ ischial tuber.
tripartite
45
The ___ ___ is a dorsal projection between the ___ ischiatic notch of the ilium and the ___ ischiatic notch of the ischium.
ischiatic spine; greater; lesser
46
In the ox, the ischiatic spine displays ___.
ridges
47
The ___ ___ ___ forms the depressed region of the dorsal ischium located caudaul to the ischiatic spine.
lesser ischiatic notch
48
In the horse, the sacrosciatic ligament attaches to the ischiatic spine and then extends to the ischial tuber. A ___ ___ ___ is present between the ventral border of the ligament and the lesser ischiatic notch.
lesser sciatic foramen
49
In the ox, the lesser sciatic foramen is enlarged due to the dorsal position of the ___ ___.
ischial tuber
50
The ischiatic ___ is a flattened, dorsal, caudal region of the ischium forming the caudal ventral floor of the pelvic canal.
table
51
The ischiatic ___ is a caudally located notch between the left and right ischiatic tables.
arch
52
Notable structures of the ___ include the cranial ramus, caudal ramus, iliopubic eminence, pubic tubercle, and pecten.
pubis
53
The ___ ___ is the cranial, transverse arm of the pubis.
cranial ramus
54
In the horse, on the ventral surface of the cranial ramus, there is a groove for the ___ ligament for the head of the femur.
accessory
55
The ___ ___ is the caudal, longitudintal arm of the pubis that unites with its fellow to contribute to the pelvic symphysis.
caudal ramus
56
The ___ ___ is a slight cranial prominence between the ilium and the pubis.
iliopubic eminence
57
The iliopubic eminence serves as the point of the origin for the ___ muscle.
pectineus
58
The ___ ___ projects cranially from the pubis on the midline.
pubic tubercle
59
The ___ is the region between the iliopubic eminence and the pubic tubercle.
pecten
60
The pecten serves as the attachment site for the ___ tendon.
prepubic
61
Notable structures of the ___ include the head with fovea capitis femoris, neck, greater trochanter, trochanteric fossa, lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric crest, third trochanter, trochlea, medial condyle, lateral condyle, intercondylar fossa, medial supracondylar tuberosity, lateral supracondylar tuberosity, popliteal surface, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, and extensor fossa.
femur
62
The femoral ___ is the rounded condyle of the femur that articulates within the acetabulum.
head
63
The ___ ___ ___ is a small depression located centrally on the femoral head to which the ___ of the head of the femur attaches.
fovea capitis femoris; ligament
64
In the horse, the fovea capitis femoris of the femoral head is enlarged for the attachment of an additional ligament, the "___ ligament of the head of the femur", which attaches along with the "ligament of the head of the femur". This additional ligament of the femoral head prevents the horse from ___-___.
accessory; side-kicking
65
The ___ is the constricted region between the femoral head and the remainder of the femur.
neck
66
The ___ ___ is a large projection on the dorsolateral portion of the femoral bone.
greater trochanter
67
The greater trochanter serves as an attachment site for the ___ and ___ gluteal muscles.
middle; deep
68
In the dog, the greater trochanter is undivided. True or False
True
69
In the horse, the greater trochanter is divided into ___ and ___ parts.
cranial; caudal
70
In the ox, the greater trochanter is ___.
undivided
71
The ___ ___ is a large depression on the proximocaudal surface of the femoral bone.
trochanteric fossa
72
The trochanteric fossa serves as an attachment site for the internal and external ___ and ___ muscles.
obturator; gemelli
73
The ___ ___ is a medial bump on the proximal portion of the femoral bone.
lesser trochanter
74
The lesser trochanter serves as the point of insertion for the ___ muscle.
iliopsoas
75
The ___ ___ extends between the greater and lesser trochanters.
intertrochanteric crest
76
The intertrochanteric crest serves as the point of insertion for the ___ ___ muscle.
quadratus femoris
77
The ___ ___ is a projection on the proximolateral surface of the femoral bone, just distal to the greater trochanter.
third trochanter
78
The third trochanter serves as an attachment site for the ___ muscle.
gluteal
79
The third trochanter of the femur is prominent in the horse. True or False
True
80
The third trochanter of the femur is absent in the ox. True or False
True
81
The ___ is a groove on the craniodistal portion of the femoral bone.
trochlea
82
The trochlea of the femur possesses medial and lateral trochlear ___ between which the ___ slides during articulation of the stifle.
lips; patella
83
A ___ bone is one that is located within the tendon of a muscle and therefore has no direct articulation with another bone.
sesamoid
84
The ___ is the largest sesamoid bone in the vertebrate body. It is enveloped within the tendon of the ___ ___ muscle and is stabilized within the gliding surface of the trochlea by the lateral and medial ___ ligaments.
patella; quadriceps femoris; femoropatellar
85
The trochlea and patella in large animals is an important component of the ___ ___ mechanism.
patella locking
86
Trochlea (noun) means ___.
pulley
87
In the horse, the trochlea has medial and lateral ridges/lips, and the medial ridge is expanded proximally as the ___ ___.
trochlear tubercle
88
The proximal aspect of the trochlear tubercle in the horse is somewhat flattened and presents a ___ surface for the patella.
resting
89
The groove located between the medial and lateral trochlear ridges in the horse serves as the ___ surface for the patella.
gliding
90
The ridges of the femoral trochlea are properly described as the ___ ___ of the ___ of the ___, and the ___ ___ of the ___ of the ___.
medial ridge of the trochlea of the femur; lateral ridge of the trochlea of the femur
91
The ___ ___ is a distocaudal projection of the femur on the medial side that articulates with the medial condyle of the tibia.
medial condyle
92
The ___ ___ is a distocaudal projection of the femur on the lateral side that articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.
lateral condyle
93
The ___ ___ is a deep, wide space separating the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
intercondylar fossa
94
The ___ ___ ___ of the femur serves as the point of origin for the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle and the superifical digital flexor muscle.
lateral supracondylar tuberosity
95
The tendon of origin of the gastrocnemis muscle envelopes the ___ ___ sesamoid bone.
lateral fabella
96
In the horse, a supracondylar ___ serves as the origin for the superficial digital flexor muscle.
fossa
97
The ___ ___ is a large, flat, triangular area on the caudal surface of the distal extremity of the femur proximal to the condyles.
popliteal surface
98
The ___ ___ serves as the site of attachment for the medial collateral ligament of the stifle joint.
medial epicondyle
99
The lateral epicondyle serves as the site of attachment for the ___ ___ ___ of the stifle joint.
lateral collateral ligament
100
The ___ ___ is a depression on the distal aspect of the lateral femoral epicondyle at the junction of the lateral condyle and the lateral lip of the trochlea.
extensor fossa
101
The extensor fossa of the femur serves as the point of origin for the ___ ___ ___ muscle.
long digital extensor
102
In the horse, the extensor fossa serves as the point of origin for both the long digital extensor muscle and the ___ ___.
fibularis tertius
103
Notable structures of the ___ include the medial condyle, lateral condyle, intercondylar eminence, cranial intercondylar area, caudal intercondylar area, popliteal notch, tibial tuberosity, cranial border, extensor groove, tibial cochlea, and medial malleolus.
tibia
104
The tibia serves as the medial bone of the ___.
crus
105
The ___ ___ is a concave proximal region on the medial side of the tibia.
medial condyle
106
The medial condyle of the tibia articulates with the medial ___ condyle.
femoral
107
The ___ ___ is a concave proximal region on the lateral side of the tibia.
lateral condyle
108
The lateral condyle of the tibia articulates with the lateral ___ condyle.
femoral
109
In the horse and in the ox, the tibia carries the weight of the limb. True or False
True
110
The ___ ___ is an elevated region between the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia.
intercondylar eminence
111
The ___ ___ area is a region cranial to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.
cranial intercondylar
112
The cranial intercondylar area of the tibia serves as an attachment site for the cranial ___ ligament and cranial parts of the ___.
cruciate; menisci
113
The ___ ___ area is a region caudal to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.
caudal intercondylar
114
The caudal intercondylar area of the tibia serves an an attachment site for the caudal part of the ___ ___.
medial meniscus
115
The ___ ___ is located caudal to the caudal intercondylar area of the tibia; it is a concave region located between the two tibial condyles.
popliteal notch
116
The ___ ___ is a large quadrangular process on the proximocranial surface of the tibia.
tibial tuberosity
117
The tibial tuberosity serves as the point of insertion for the ___ ___ via the ___ ligament, and also for the biceps femoris and sartorius muscles.
quadriceps femoris; patellar
118
The ___ border of the tibia extends from the tibial tuberosity.
cranial
119
The ___ ___ is a laterally located depression on the tibia at the junction between the lateral condyle and tibial tuberosity.
extensor groove
120
The tendon of the ___ ___ ___ muscle passes through the extensor groove of the tibia.
long digital extensor
121
In the horse, both the tendon of the long digital extensor muscle and the ___ ___ pass through the extensor groove of the tibia.
fibularis tertius
122
The ___ ___ is a concave region of the distal tibia that articulates with the trochlea of the talus.
tibial cochlea
123
In the horse, a sagittal ridge of the tibial cochlea, called the ___ ____ ridge, is of clinical significance.
distal intermediate
124
The medial ___ is the medial part of the distal extremity of the tibia.
malleolus
125
Notable structures of the ___ include the head and lateral malleolus.
fibula
126
The fibula is the lateral bone of the ___.
crus
127
The fibula is rudimentary in the horse. True or False
True
128
In the ox, the fibula is reduced. True or False
True
129
In the ox, the head of the fibula is ___ with the lateral condyle of the tibia and has a distally projecting process. A fibrous strand attaches to this process to replace the ___ of the fibula.
___; body
130
The ___ of the fibula articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.
head
131
The lateral ___ is the distal extremity of the fibula containing grooves for the passage of muscle tendons.
malleolus
132
In the horse, the lateral malleolus is incorporated in the tibia since the fibula ends halfway down the tibia. True or False.
True
133
In the ox, the lateral malleolus equivalent is a separate bone altogether called the ___ bone.
malleolar
134
In the dog, the pes is referred to as the ____.
hindpaw.
135
In the horse and in the ox, the pes is referred to as the region including and extending from the hock to the hoof. True or False
True
136
Notable structure of the ___ include the tarsus, metatarsus, and digits.
pes
137
Notable structures of the ___ include the calcaneus with tuber calcanei and sustentaculum tali; talus with trochlea; central tarsal bone; tarsal bones I, II, III, and IV.
tarsus
138
Notable structures of each ___ (excluding MT I) include the base, body, and head.
metatarsus
139
The tarsus is commonly referred to as the ___ in the dog, horse and ox; and the ankle in humans.
hock
140
The tarsus is comprised of ___ irregular rows of tarsal bones.
three
141
The ___ is the most laterally located bone of the proximal row of the tarsus.
calcaneus
142
The tuber ___ is a notable structure of the calcaneus.
calcanei
143
The ___ ___ is a medial projection with an articular surface for talus.
sustentaculum tali
144
The ___ is the most medially located bone of the proximal row of the tarsus.
talus
145
The trochlea of the talus is notable in the horse; the horse is classified as a ___, an odd-toed ungulate.
perissodactyla
146
Notable in the ox is a proximal and distal trochlea of the talus; the ox is classified as a ___, an even-toed ungulate.
artiodactylas
147
The ___ tarsal bone is the bone of the middle row of the tarsus.
central
148
In the ox, the central tarsal bone is fused with tarsal bone ___.
IV
149
Tarsal bones I, II and III are the bones of the ___ row of the tarsus.
distal
150
In the horse, tarsal bones I and II are fused. True or False
True
151
In the horse, tarsal bone III rests entirely on metatarsal ___.
III
152
In the ox, tarsal bones II and III are fused. True or False
True
153
Tarsal bone ___ completes the distal row of tarsal bones laterally and also extends into the middle row of the tarsus.
IV
154
In the ox, tarsal bone IV is fused with the ___ tarsal bone; it is specially named the ___ tarsal bone.
central; centroquartale
155
The metatarsus is comprised of ___ metatarsal bones; referred to as the bones of the foot in humans.
five
156
Metatarsal I may be divided, rudimentary, or absent; when present, it forms the base of the ___claw.
dew
157
In the horse, metatarsal III can be distinguished from metacarpal III because MT III has a round cross section, where as MC III is more flattened/oval in cross section. Both MT III and MC III are commonly referred to as ___ bones.
cannon
158
In the ox, MT bones III and IV are longer and more slender, and square in cross section; MC bones III and IV are transversely oval. True or False
True
159
With the exception of MT I, each metatarsal has a ___, ___, and ___.
base; body; head
160
The digits of the hindlimb are similar to the corresponding bones in the forelimb in the dog, horse, and ox respectively. True or False
True
161
In the dog, the first digit is the dew claw which may be fully developed and include metatarsal I, proximal and distal phalanges, or there may be only a distal phalanx present. In some canine species (ex: ___ ___), there are two dew claws present on each pes and manus.
Great Pyranees
