BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB

Question 1

what forms the superior appendicular skeleton?

Answer 1

the pectoral girdle and bones of the free part of the upper limb

Question 2

where does the superior appendicular skeleton articulate with the axial skeleton?

Answer 2

at the sternoclavicular joint — allows great mobility. saddle type synovial joint

Question 3

what muscles support, stabilise and move the clavicles and scapulae?

Answer 3

the axio-appendicular muscles

Question 4

describe the clavicle

Answer 4

• an S-shaped bone
• superior surface is relatively smooth in comparison to the much rougher inferior surface
• posterior: RHS clavicle = z-shaped, LHS clavicle = s-shaped
• RHS clavicle is usually much stronger and shorter than the LHS clavicle

Question 5

why is the inferior surface of the clavicle rougher than the smoother superior surface?

Answer 5

muscles attach to the inferior surface

Question 6

what articulates with the lateral end of the clavicle?

Answer 6

the acrimon of the scapula

Question 7

what articulates with the medial end of the clavicle?

Answer 7

the sternum

Question 8

purpose of the clavicles

Answer 8

• transmits shock from the upper limb to the axial skeleton
• provides protection to the important neurovascular bundle supplying the upper limb
• provides rigid support

Question 9

what is the scapula?

Answer 9

the shoulder blade

Question 10

describe the scapula

Answer 10

• a triangular flat bone
• lies on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax
• has 3 angles: lateral, superior, inferior
• has 3 borders: superior, lateral, medial
• has 2 surfaces: costal, posterior
• has 3 processes: acromion, spine, coracoid
• overlies 2nd-7th ribs

Question 11

what is the name of the joint joining the glenoid cavity with the head of the humerus? describe the joint

Answer 11

the glenohumeral joint = synovial joint, ball and socket. permits flexion, extension, ab/adduction, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation. articulating surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage

Question 12

what attaches to the infraglenoid tubercle?

Answer 12

the long head of the triceps brachii muscle

Question 13

what attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle?

Answer 13

the long head of the biceps brachii muscle

Question 14

what does the spine of the scapula on the posterior border divide the scapula into?

Answer 14

subdivides the posterior surface into the small, superior supraspinous fossa and the much larger inferior infraspinous border

Question 15

describe the humerus

Answer 15

a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow

Question 16

where does the humerus articulate with the radius and ulna?

Answer 16

the elbow joint — a synovial hinge joint. permits flexion and extension

Question 17

what are the articulating surfaces of the elbow joint and what are they covered with?

Answer 17

2 separate articulations: trochlear notch of the ulnar and the trochlea of the humerus. head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus.

hyaline covers the articular surfaces

Question 18

what ligaments support the elbow joint?

Answer 18

1. radial collateral ligament — stabilises lateral surface of the joint
2. ulnar collateral ligament — stabilises medial surface of the joint

annular ligament of radius

Question 19

ulna vs radius (how to remember)

Answer 19

ulna —> pinky . ulna is thinner at the bottom

radius —> thumb

Question 20

what are the 2 necks of the humerus?

Answer 20

the anatomical neck (very short and lies between the greater and lesser tubercles laterally and between the head and shaft more medially) and the surgical neck (common fracture site)

Question 21

what separates the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus and provides a protected passage for the slender tendon of the long head of the biceps?

Answer 21

the intertubercular/bicipital groove

Question 22

what is the olecranon fossa of the humerus?

Answer 22

on the posterior surface of the distal humerus, provides space for the olecranon of the ulna during extension of the forearm

Question 23

describe the ulna

Answer 23

the stabilising bone of the forearm. the medial and ulna of the 2 forearm bones. doesn’t reach the wrist joint.

Question 24

for articulation with the humerus, the ulna has 2 prominent projections. what are they and what do they form?

Answer 24

1. the olecranon = projects proximally from the posterior aspect and serves as a short level for extension of the elbow.
2. the coronoid process = projects anteriorly from the anterior aspect

together they from the walls of the trochlear notch : “grips” the trochlea of the humerus

Question 25

on the ulna, what serves as an attachment for the tendon of the brachial is muscle?

Answer 25

the tuberosity of the ulna (located just inferior to the coronoid process)

Question 26

what is the radial notch?

Answer 26

on the lateral side of the coronoid process. receives the broad periphery of the head of the radius

Question 27

role of the supinator crest and fossa of the ulna

Answer 27

deep part of supinator muscle attaches here

Question 28

what do the ulna and radius both have at the distal end of them?

Answer 28

a styloid process

Question 29

describe the radius

Answer 29

= the lateral, shorter forearm bone

Question 30

why is the head of the radius concave?

Answer 30

concave for articulation with the capitulum of the humerus during flexion and extension of the elbow joint

Question 31

what is the ulnar notch?

Answer 31

a notch on the radius which accommodates the head of the ulna

Question 32

how many bones are there in the rest and what is the collective name for them?

Answer 32

carpal bones - 8 in proximal and distal rows of 4

Question 33

name the carpal bones

Answer 33

``` Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate ``` SOME LOVERS TRY POSITIONS THAT THEY CANT HANDLE

Question 34

what carpal bones articulate with the radius to from the radio-carpal joint?

Answer 34

scaphoid and lunate

Question 35

how are the metacarpal bones labelled?

Answer 35

1 (thumb), 2 (index), 3 (middle), 4 (ring), 5 (pinky)

Question 36

what does each metacarpal consist of?

Answer 36

a base, shaft, and a head

Question 37

what is the name of the joint joining the metacarpals and the phalanges?

Answer 37

metacarpophalangeal joint

Question 38

what are the sections of the phalanges?

Answer 38

proximal, middle, distal — except thumb = just proximal and distal

Question 39

what type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint and what are the articulating surfaces?

Answer 39

= pivot joint radial head and radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament

Question 40

what type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint and what are its articulating surfaces?

Answer 40

= pivot joint head of ulna and ulnar notch on distal end of radius

Question 41

what type of joint is the radiocarpal joint and what are its articulating surfaces?

Answer 41

= condyloid joint — flexion, extension, abduction and adduction ULNA IS NOT PART OF THE WRIST JOINT distally, proximal row of carpal bones (except pisiform). proximally, distal end of radius and the articular disk

Question 42

name 3 ligaments of the wrist joint

Answer 42

1. radial collateral ligament ( runs from the radius to the scaphoid and trapezium) 2. ulnar collateral ligament (runs from the ulna to the triquetrum and pisiform) 3. palmar radiocarpal joint

Question 43

a complication which may arise following a fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus is what?

Answer 43

damage to the ulnar nerve