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semester 4 > bones test > Flashcards

bones test Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoblasts are for

A

bone formation

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2
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that function in bone maintenance

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3
Q

Osteoclasts

A

function in destroying, resorbing, and remodeling bone

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4
Q

Bone Healing Stage I

A

Hematoma formation
1 to 2 days after fracture

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5
Q

Bone Healing Stage II

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
Fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate to fracture site

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6
Q

Bone Healing Stage III

A

Bony callus formation
Ossification begins during 3rd or 4th week

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7
Q

Bone Healing Stage IV

A

Remodeling
Osteoclasts remove necrotic bone
Compact bone replaces spongy bone

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8
Q

fracture pain will be described as

A

sharp pain, immobilization relieves it

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9
Q

Flaccid

A

May have some muscle reaction

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10
Q

Spastic

A

clonus/twitchy. Rhythmic contraction of muscle

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11
Q

Atonic

A

no tone, no muscle reaction

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12
Q

Hypertrophy

A

overgrowth/very muscular

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13
Q

Atrophy

A

shrinkage-like decrease in size of muscle

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14
Q

Crepitus

A

grating or crackling sound or sensation

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15
Q

bone pain will be described as

A

a deep, dull ache

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16
Q

Fliculation

A

twitching

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17
Q

assess the peroneal nerve by

A

Prick the skin midway between the great and second toe.
Ask the patient to dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes

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18
Q

assess the tibial nerve by

A

Prick the medial and lateral surface of the sole.
Ask the patient to plantar flex toes and foot.

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19
Q

assess the radial nerve by

A

Prick the skin midway between the thumb and second finger
Ask the patient to stretch out the thumb, then the wrist, and then the fingers at the metacarpal joints.

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20
Q

assess the ulnar nerve by

A

Prick the distal fat pad of the small finger.
Ask the patient to abduct all fingers.

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21
Q

assess the median nerve by

A

Prick the top or distal surface of the index finger.
Ask the patient to touch the thumb to the little finger. In addition, observe whether the patient can flex the wrist.

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22
Q

Ankylosis

A

stiffness/immobility of joint

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23
Q

Effusion

A

fluid build up in joint. Tx is arthrocentesis to drain fluid

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24
Q

Ganglion

A

cyst

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25
Dupuytren’s
pinky looks hella weird. Due to long term phenytoin use or liver disease
26
Scoliosis
lateral curvature, may have uneven shoulder blades
27
Subluxation
partial dislocation, not complete
28
Valgus
bow legs
29
Varus
knock knees
30
Swan neck / ulnar deviation
in the thumb and is due to rheumatoid arthritis
31
Most common issue w bone biopsy
pain
32
leading cause of musculoskeletal-related disability
arthritis
33
parathyroid hormone increased can lead to
hypocalcemia
34
Diaphysis of femur is made up of
cortical bone
35
Increased thoracic curvature
kyphosis
36
Impingement syndrome
repetitive overhead movement or inflammation of rotator cuff/bursa
37
Carpal tunnel syndrome
affects medial nerve, overuse. Tinel’s and Phalen’s tests to assess
38
Dupuytren Contracture
progressive contracture of 4th and 5th fingers. Tx = stretching, steroid injections, surgery
39
Pes Planus
flat foot planus - planet - flat earthers ahha
40
Pes cavus
claw foot cavus - caw - crow
41
Morton’s neuroma
inflammation of certain nerve
42
Osteoarthritis
Noninflammatory degenerative DO of joints. Articular cartilage breaks down → progressive damage to the underlying bone and eventual formation of osteophytes (bone spurs) that protrude into the joint space
43
osteoarthritis risk factors
old, female, obese
44
Joint arthroplasty
CSM risks and complications pt aware, IMP: bleeding or dislocation or VTE, INF, heel pressure injuries
45
hip replacement big notes
Avoid internal rotation, use abduction pillows when turning, and adduction when transferring. Don’t flex hip <90 degrees.
46
normal amount of drainage for a hip replacement
200-500 mL within 24 hr is normal
47
calcium + vit D. biphosphates (increase bone mass) administration notes
sit up for 30 minutes and drink a full glass of water
48
Osteomalacia
metabolic bone disease characterized by inadequate bone mineralization Softening and weakening of long bones causes pain, tenderness, and deformities, causes: bowing of bones and pathologic fractures TX: vit D + Ca++, and sunlight exposure
49
Paget
localized bone turnover: skull, femur, tibia, pelvic bones, and vertebrae. Genetic Excessive bone reabsorption from osteoclasts. Alkaline phosphatase ALP is elevated Tx: antineoplastic, NSAIDs, Calcitonin, biphosphates
50
osteomyelitis
INF down to the bone. More likely to attack an area that has been previously traumatized MRSA most common Risks: DM, IV drug use, obese, malnourished, impaired immune systems, soft tissue INF, Chronic osteomyelitis: chronic low grade fever in evening is typical
51
most common bone cancer
Osteosarcoma, often fatal
52
Contusion
soft tissue injury produced by blunt force Pain, swelling and discoloration: ecchymosis
53
Strain
pulled muscle injury to the musculotendinous unit Pain, edema, muscle spasm, ecchymosis Get xray
54
Sprain
Joint is tender and movement is painful, edema, pain increases within 2-3 hr Grades 1, 2, or 3 PRICE: protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation Steroids not given bc will worsen the inflammation
55
Dislocation
articular surfaces of the joint are not in contact Traumatic dislocation is an emergency w pain
56
Rotator cuff injury
Causes: aging, poor posture, repetitive stress
57
Fat emboli
12-72 hr - comes from the bone, occludes small vessels Respiratory distress: tachypnea, dyspneic, tachycardic, wheezing, hypoxia, chest pain, large amounts of thick, white sputum. We want an ABG
58
Compartment syndrome
Neurovascular assessments, esp. For pts w distal humerus, proximal tibia fractures 6 P’s: paresthesia, pain, pulselessness, pressure, pallor, paralysis Can cut a window in the cast, remove the cast, or if tissue is extremely compromised…Fasciotomy to tx Prompt dx, don't elevate above heart level bc high venous pressure, cold compress, may decrease traction wt, amputation
59
Delayed complications
Delayed union, malunion, nonunion Avascular necrosis of bone Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) Heterotrophic ossification
60
what nurses can do with traction
- add weight, never remove - unless the patient codes then fuck it remove them if they're in the way
61
treatment for phantom limb pain
Opioids, gabapentin, tylenol, NSAIDs

semester 4 (11 decks)

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