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RAD 115 > Bontrager Ch 2 Chest > Flashcards

Bontrager Ch 2 Chest Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the respiratory system?

A

Pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

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2
Q

List the three divisions of the structure located proximally to the larynx (trachea). Two parts serve as a common passageway for both food and air. (asterisks are located next to those that are food and air passageways.)

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx.

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3
Q

What is the name of the structure tha acts as a lid over the larynx to prevent foregin objects such as food particles from entering the respiratory system?

A

Epiglottis

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4
Q

Is the trachea anteriorly or posteriorly located to the esophagus?

A

Anteriorly.

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5
Q

Define the term mediastinum.

A

The midline area between 2 lungs.

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6
Q

What structures/organs are found in the mediastinum?

A

Thymus, Heart and Great Vessels, Trachea, and Esophagus.

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7
Q

______ lobes are in the left lung. ______ are located in the right lung.

A

2 and 3.

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8
Q

If a person accidentally inhales a food particle, which bronchus is it most likely to enter and why?

A

The right bronchus. It is more verticle and larger in diameter.

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9
Q

What is the term for the small air sacs located at the distal ends of the bronchioles, in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood?

A

Alveoli

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10
Q

The delicate, double-walled sac or membrane containing the lungs is called the _________.

A

Pleura

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11
Q

Which type body habitus is associated with a broad and deep thorax?

A

Hypersthenic

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12
Q

What is the minimum number of ribs that should be demonstrated above the diaphragm on a PA radiograph of an average adult chest with full inspiration?

A

10-11

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13
Q

what is the name of the device that should be used to hold an infant for an erect PA and lateral chest projection?

A

Pigg-o-stat.

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14
Q

Explain the primary purpose and benefit of performing chest radiography using a 72” SID

A

Minimize heart magnification. Increase SDI and minimizes magnification.

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15
Q

Name the structures on the Bontrager Ch 2 saved document.

Or look at page 3 in the Ch 2 study questions.

A

A. Trachea
B. Apex of the left lung
C. Carina
D. Left Cardiophrenic angle/ Base of the left lung
E. Right and left hemisphere diaphragms
F. Right costophrenic angle
G. Right hilum

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16
Q

What are the divisions of the upper thorax (chest)?

A
  1. Bony thorax
    (protective framework)
  2. Respiratory system proper
    (lungs and airways)
  3. Mediastinum
    (space between lungs)
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17
Q

The bony thorax is the _______ of the chest. What are its components?

A

Skeletal Framework
composed of…..
1. Sternum, which has 3 parts, the maubrium, body, and xiphoid.
2. Ribs (12 pairs)
3. Thoracic vertebrae (12)

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18
Q

What are the topographic positioning landmarks?

A
  1. Vertebra prominence
    (a spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra)
  2. Jugular notch (T2-T3)
  3. Xiphoid Process (corresponds to T9-T10)
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19
Q

Where is the diaphagram located and what is its purpose?

A

Below the lungs, large dome-shaped muscles, each half is the hemi-diaphragm. Separates the chest and abdominal cavities.

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20
Q

As the diaphragm goes ______ on inspiration __________ volume increases.

A
  1. down
  2. thoracic cavity volume
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21
Q

As diaphragm ______ on expiration, thoracic volume _________.

A
  1. rises
  2. decreases
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22
Q

What is the Pharynx and what does it serve as a passageway for?

A

The upper airway and is a passageway for air, food, and fluids.

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23
Q

The laryngopharynx extends from the ______ to the ______ below.

A

epiglottis/ larynx

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24
Q

_______ marks the boundary between.

A

Uvula

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25
Q

_________ acts as a lid for the larynx to prevent aspiration in the larynx.

A

Epiglottis

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26
Q

What are some additional structures of the pharynx (upper airway)?

A

Hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, thyroid gland, and esophagus (posterior to the larynx).

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27
Q

what is another name for the larynx?

A

The voice box.

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28
Q

What does C, C, D, D, M, S, S stand for? (SIMULATIONS)

A

Center
Collimate
Detent
Distance
Marker
Shield
Set technique

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29
Q

What are some characteristics of the Larynx?

A
  1. Cartiligineous cage-type structure, anterior portion of neck (C3-C6)
  2. Suspended from hyoid (hyoid is not part of the larynx)
  3. contains vocal cords
  4. The largest cartilage structure is the thyroid cartilage (Adams Apple) which lies at C5
  5. cricoid cartilage is the lowest ring of cartilage
  6. Contains the epiglottis which covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent aspiration.
30
Q

what is another name for the trachea?

A

windpipe

31
Q

what are some characteristics of the trachea?
1. fibrous muscular tube with _______of cartilage to give support during aspiration.
2. lies in____ of the body ______ to the esophagus
3. extends from level of _________ at cartilage where it bifurcates (splits) into the ______.

A
  1. 16-20 rings
  2. midline, anterior
  3. C6 to T4-5, carina
32
Q

thyroid gland (radiosensitive) lies below the _________

A

larynx

33
Q

parathyroid glands are embedded on _____ of the lateral thyroid gland.

A

posterior sureface

34
Q

Thymus gland is in the ________

A

mediastinum

35
Q

right bronchus is ______, wider and more _________. Due to this foreign bodes are more likely to ________ then in the left bronchus.

A
  1. Shorter
  2. verticle
  3. end up here
36
Q

What marks the division of the trachea into right and left bronchi?

A

carina

37
Q

Right bronchi divides into _______secoundary bronchi and the left divides in to _________ secoundary bronchi

A
  1. 3
  2. 2
38
Q

what are the divisions of the Right and Left bronchi?

A

bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and alveoli

39
Q

What substance are the LUNGS composed of?

A

a spongy elastic substance called parenchyma and is covered in a serous membrane

40
Q

What level is the apex of the lungs located?

A

T1

41
Q

The base of the lungs are ______ and rests on the ______

A
  1. convex
  2. diaphgram
42
Q

______ is where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter the lungs.

A

Hilum (also known as the root region)

43
Q

The right lung has how many lobes?

A

3

44
Q

The left lung has how many lobes?

A

2

45
Q

Lungs are contained in a double-walled sac or membrane called?

A

Pleura (the middle layer)

46
Q

Lungs are covered with a membrane called…?

A

pulmonary or visceral pleura (the inner layer)

47
Q

What does the parietal pleura do?

A

lines the chest cavity and covers the diaphragm. (the outer layer)

48
Q

what are the characteristics of the potential space between the pleural cavity?

A
  1. contains lubricating fluid
  2. air/fluid accumulated in this cavity will show up on X-rays
  3. if air is present is present it may cause a pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
  4. if fluid is present, there is a pleural effusion or hemothorax if bloody.
49
Q

what structures can be seen on a PA chest?

A

bony thorax, lungs, trachea
heart, large blood vessels, and diaphragm.

50
Q

what are some radiographically important parts of the lungs and their location?

A
  1. Apex- Apex- rounded area above clavicle
  2. Carina- point of bifurcation of trachea
  3. Base- lower concave area of each lung
  4. Costophernic angle- inner corner of lungs near the heart
  5. Hilum or root- the center of each lung where bronchi, blood, and lymph vessels, and nerves enter and leave lung.
    (right lung is about 1” shorter than left due to the position of the liver.)
51
Q

Lateral chest view……
a. shows ________
b. right hemidiphagram is _______

A

a.oblique fissure
b. higher

52
Q

What is the Mediastinum composed of?

A

Thymus gland, heart and great vessels, trachea and esophagus.

53
Q

the esophagus lies ______ to the trachea.

A

posterior

54
Q

at expiration the diaphgram ________.

A

relaxes

55
Q

a ________ has a short and wide chest and IR needs to be landscape.

A

Hypersthenic

56
Q

a ________ patient needs to be done with IR portrait.

A

Asthenic

57
Q

what is the “average” busy habitus?

A

sthenic

58
Q

what is “hyposthenic”?

A

body habitus, slender

59
Q

what directions does the thoracic cavity expand during inspiration?

A

veritically- diaphgram downward
Transverse diameter- ribs raise
AP diameter

60
Q

Fullest inspiration is reach on ______

A

secound deep inspiration (shows 10-11 ribs)

61
Q

What kVp does a chest x-ray use?

A

highest kVp 110-125

62
Q

High mA and ____ exposure time ( to prevent motion)= low mAs

A

exposure

63
Q

What are the 3 reasons a chest radiograph is done upright.

A
  1. allows diaphagram to move down farther as other abdominal organs drop down
  2. shows possible air and fluid levels in the chest (fluid settles, air rises)
  3. prevents engorgment and hyperdemia(excess blood) of blood vessels
64
Q

72” SID gives__________.
chest radiographs are done ____ as ______ will be closer to IR.

A
  1. truer size of heart due to diveregent xray beams
  2. PA, heart.
65
Q

Central Ray (CR) location:
center at _____ which is about _____ below the vertebra prominent or a female and _____ below for male.

A
  1. T7
  2. 7”
  3. 8”
66
Q

Central Ray (CR) location:
For AP chest, ________ below the jugular notch can be used to correspond to _______.

A
  1. 3-4”
  2. T7
67
Q

What type of equipment is used to take a erect x-ray of a infant?

A

Pigg-o-stat

68
Q

What kVp is used on an infant?

A

70-85 kVp

69
Q

Geriatrics: May need to center higher ______ due to less lung capacity.

A

T6-T7

70
Q

Obese: Center at T7 instead of _________.

A

visually 1-2” of light. Increased soft tissue may mean apices of lungs are not level of the shadow.

71
Q

Define the following…
1. Pneumonia
2. pleural effusion
3. cancer
4. atelectasis
5. cystic fibrosis
These may require _________ becuase they are fluid of mass/tumor based.

A
  1. fluid in the lungs due to infection
  2. fluid in lungs
  3. fluid or tumor in lungs
  4. collapse fo all or a portion of the lungs (no air in collapsed portion)
  5. hereditary disease that produces thick mucous in lungs.

more technique

72
Q

Define the following…
1. COPD
2. Emphysema
3. Pneumothorax
These may require________becyase they are generally air based.

A
  1. chronic obstructive pulmosry diesase
  2. (type of COPD) increased lung dimision, barrel chest, flat diaphgram, radiolucent lungs.
  3. Lung displaced from chest wall- No lung marking visible on radiograph

less technique

RAD 115 (9 decks)

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