Bony Skull, Scalp, Face & Radiology, Neck muscles and Thyroid Gland

Question 1

What is the most common type of joint seen between bones in the skull?

Answer 1

Fibrous

Question 2

Which part of the skull contains red marrow?

Answer 2

Diploe

Question 3

Between which 2 bones does the sagittal suture lie?

Answer 3

Between both parietal bones

Question 4

Between which 2 bones does the coronal suture lie?

Answer 4

Frontal & parietal

Question 5

Between which two bones does the lamboid suture lie?

Answer 5

Occipital & parietal

Question 6

The mastoid process is part of which bone?

Answer 6

Temporal

Question 7

The zygomatic arch is formed out of which 2 bones?

Answer 7

Temporal & zygomatic

Question 8

The styloid process is part of which bone?

Answer 8

Temporal

Question 9

What is the largest foramine of the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 9

Foramen Magnum?

Question 10

Name 2 structures that pass through the foramen magnum:

Answer 10

Brain stem

Right & left vertebral arteries

Question 11

What type of joint is the zygomatic arch formed from?

Answer 11

Fibrous

Question 12

What makes up the layers of the scalp?

Answer 12

S - Skin

C - Connective tissue (dense)

A - Aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis muscle

L - Loose alveolar connective tissue

P - Periosteum

Question 13

Which nerves innervate the anterior portion of the scalp?

Answer 13

All 3 branches of the Trigeminal nerve

Question 14

What is the nerve supply for the posterior portion of the scalp?

Answer 14

Spinal nerves C2/3

Question 15

What structure forms the ventral rami of C5-T1

Answer 15

Brachial plexus, supplying the chest, shoulder, arms and hands

Question 16

A rash developing over the forehead and upper eyelid would indicate a dermatome innervated by which nerve?

Answer 16

Opthalmic branch (V1) of Trigeminal nerve

Question 17

In which layer of the scalp are blood vessels located?

Answer 17

Connective tissue (dense)

Question 18

Would a lacertaing wound to the scalp cause profuse or light bleeding? Why?

Answer 18

Profuse - the dense connective tissue gets retracted and is unable to vasoconstrict, leading to profuse bleeding

Question 19

Which arteries of the scalp are branches of the ICA and ECA?

Answer 19

Occipital artery - ECA

Posterior auricular artery - ECA

Superficial temporal artery - ECA

Supratrochlear artery - ICA

Supra-orbital artery - ICA

Question 20

What is diploe?

Answer 20

A spongy cancellous bone seperating inner and outer layers of the cortical bone of the skull

Question 21

Where do the muscle of facial expression attach?

Answer 21

Directly to the skin

Question 22

From which foramen does the Facial nerve emerge onto the side of the face?

Answer 22

Stylomastoid foramen

Question 23

Which 2 bony processes for the stylomastoid foramen?

Answer 23

Styloid process

Mastoid process

Question 24

Through which gland does the facial nerve pass?

Answer 24

The parotid gland

Question 25

What are the 3 salivary glands?

Answer 25

Parotid Submandibular Sublingual

Question 26

What type of gland is the parotid gland?

Answer 26

Exocrine

Question 27

How do exocrine differ to endocrine glands?

Answer 27

Exocrine - secretes onto epithelial surface via a duct Endocrine - secretes directly into bloodstream

Question 28

Whic nerve branches emerge from the anterior border of the parotid gland?

Answer 28

Buccal branches

Question 29

Which muscle does the parotid duct pierce on its way to the oral cavity?

Answer 29

Buccinator

Question 30

Opposite from which upper tooth does the parotid duct open?

Answer 30

2nd upper molar tooth

Question 31

Which structures pass through the parotid gland?

Answer 31

Facial nerve Posterior auricular artery Retromandibular vein

Question 32

What is the innervation of the parotid gland?

Answer 32

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic innervation

Question 33

Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibres destined for the parotid gland?

Answer 33

Mandibular branch (V3) of the Trigeminal nerve

Question 34

Where does the sympathetic innervation to the parotid gland originate from?

Answer 34

Superior cervical ganglion

Question 35

What are the facial artery and superficial temporal artery branches of?

Answer 35

External carotid artery

Question 36

What bone does the facial artery wind around to reach the face?

Answer 36

Mandible

Question 37

What facial muscle lies immediately posterior to the facial artery as it enters onto the face?

Answer 37

Masseter

Question 38

Which gland does the facial artery groove against before it enters the face?

Answer 38

Parotid

Question 39

Where does the facial artery end?

Answer 39

Medial corner of the eye

Question 40

Which major vein do the facial and superficial temporal veins drain into?

Answer 40

IJV

Question 41

What are the 4 compartments of the neck?

Answer 41

1) Vertebral compartment (cervical vertebrae) 2) Vascular compartment (Vagus nerve) 3) Visceral compartment (Thyroid gland) 4) Musculofascial collar

Question 42

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 42

7

Question 43

What kidn of joint is present between the occipital condyles and C1 (Atlas)?

Answer 43

Condyloid type of synovial joint

Question 44

What type of joint is present between C1/C2 the Odontoid peg?

Answer 44

Pivot type of synovial joint

Question 45

What structures pass through the foramen transversarium?

Answer 45

Vertebral artery + vein and sympathetic nerves

Question 46

What is the vertebra prominens?

Answer 46

C7

Question 47

What is the special features of the cervical vertebrae spines?

Answer 47

Bifid and short

Question 48

What is the curvature called that exists in the cervical portion of the spinal column?

Answer 48

Lordotic curve

Question 49

What are the borders and contents of the anterior triangle?

Answer 49

Superior - Lower border of the mandible Medially - Imaginary sagittal line Laterally - Medial border of SCM Contents - CCA, IJV, Facial & Vagus nerve

Question 50

What are the borders and contents of the posterior neck triangle?

Answer 50

Medially - Posterior border of SCM Laterally - Anterior border of Trapezius Inferiorly - Middle 1/3 of clavicle Contents - EJV, Omohyoid, subclavian artery

Question 51

What are the distal and proximal attachments of the SCM muscle?

Answer 51

Distal - Mastoid process Proximal - Clavicle + sternum,

Question 52

If the left SCM contracted, to which side would the face turn and the head tilt?

Answer 52

Face turn - Right Head tilt - Left

Question 53

What are the actions of the trapezius?

Answer 53

Rotates scapula

Question 54

Which cranial nerve innervates the scapula and in which triangle of the neck can it be found?

Answer 54

The accessory nerve - posterior triangle

Question 55

What 4 triangle make up the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 55

1) Submental 2) Submandibular 3) Carotid 4) Muscular

Question 56

What are the contents of each of the 4 triangles of the anterior neck triangle?

Answer 56

Submental - Lymph nodes Submandibular - Facial artery and submandibular salivary gland Carotid - Neurovascular sheath (CCA, IJV, Hypoglossal + Vagus) Muscular - Infrahyoid muscle

Question 57

Which artery is the CCA a branch of on the right and left hand side?

Answer 57

Right side - Brachiocephalic artery Left side - Aorta

Question 58

At what vertebral level does the CCA bifurcate into ECA and ICA?

Answer 58

C4 - Thyroid cartilage

Question 59

Does the ECA or ICA give off branches in the neck?

Answer 59

ECA

Question 60

Is the ICA or ECA more lateral?

Answer 60

ICA

Question 61

What are the 2 terminal branches of the ECA and in which structure are they given off?

Answer 61

Superficial temporal artery Maxillary artery Both arise from the parotid gland

Question 62

Through which skull opening does the IJV pass?

Answer 62

Jugular foramen

Question 63

Which vein does the IJV join with and what is the name of the vein that is formed?

Answer 63

IJV joins with subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein

Question 64

Which structures does the EJV drain?

Answer 64

Face and scalp

Question 65

In relation to the SCM, how does the EJV run? Superficial or deep?

Answer 65

Superficial to the SCM

Question 66

Which vein does the EJV drain into?

Answer 66

Subclavian

Question 67

Which muscles/set of muscles are attached to the hyoid bone?

Answer 67

- Suprahyoid muscles - Infrahyoid muscles - Hypoglossus + genioglossus - Middle pharyngeal constrictor

Question 68

What are the muscles of the suprahyoid group and what is their nerve supply?

Answer 68

**Mylohyoid** - Mandibular branch of Trigeminal nerve **Geniohyoid** - C1 nerve roots **Digastric:** _Anterior belly_ - Mandibular branch of Trigeminal nerve _Posterior belly_ - Facial nerve **Stylohyoid** - Facial nerve

Question 69

What are the actions of these muscles?

Answer 69

**Pulls Hyoid Bone upwards:** Stylohyoid Mylohyoid Digastric **Lowers Mandible:** Digastric

Question 70

What muscles make up the infrahyoid group and what is their innervation?

Answer 70

Sternothyroid - C1-C3 Sternohyoid - C1-C3 Thyrhyoid - Anterior ramus of C1 Omohyoid - C1-C3

Question 71

What actions would these muscles have on the hyoid bone?

Answer 71

**Sternothryoid** - Depresses thyroid cartialge **Sternohyoid** - Depresses hyoid bone **Omohyoid** - Depresses hyoid bone **Thyrohyoid** - Depresses the hyoid bone

Question 72

What are the vertebral root values of the cervical plexus?

Answer 72

C1-C4

Question 73

From between which 2 muscles does the cervical plexus emerge?

Answer 73

SCM and Trapezius

Question 74

What is a motor nerve that emerges from this plexus and travels down into the thorax?

Answer 74

Phrenic nerve

Question 75

What are the 2 parts of the Thyroid gland?

Answer 75

Isthmus and 2 lobes

Question 76

At what vertebral level does the isthmus lie in relation to the trachea/larynx?

Answer 76

Lies in front of the cricoid cartilage and covers the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings C6-7

Question 77

In which compartment of the neck does the Thyroid gland reside?

Answer 77

The visceral compartment