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Health and Movement Science > Book 1 > Flashcards

Book 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

A

Support and framework → shape, form, posture

The skeletal system provides the body’s central framework and supports overall structure.

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2
Q

How do the skeletal and muscular systems assist movement?

A

Assist movement

The muscular system works with the skeletal system to enable movement through muscle contractions.

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3
Q

What is one protective function of the skeletal system?

A

Protection, e.g., ribs → cardiac muscle

The ribs protect vital organs such as the heart and lungs.

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4
Q

What is the role of the skeletal system concerning blood cells?

A

Manufacture blood cells

The bone marrow within the bones produces blood cells.

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5
Q

What is a key function of the skeletal system regarding minerals?

A

Store house for essential minerals

Bones store important minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

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6
Q

Define a joint.

A

Two or more bones come together

Joints are critical for movement and stability in the body.

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7
Q

What are the three major types of joints?

A
  • Fibrous → immovable (skull)
  • Cartilaginous → slightly moveable (vertebrae)
  • Synovial → freely moveable (elbow joint)

Each joint type has distinct characteristics and movement capabilities.

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8
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A
  • Hinge (elbow)
  • Ball and socket (shoulder)
  • Saddle (thumb-base)
  • Pivot (C1/C2 vertebrae)
  • Ellipsoid/condyloid (carpal)
  • Plane (tarsals)

Synovial joints allow for a wide range of motion.

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9
Q

What is the role of ligaments in synovial joints?

A

Maintain stability, control degree and direction of movement

Ligaments connect bone to bone and help prevent excessive movement.

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10
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Provide strength, hold joint closed

Tendons connect muscles to bones, facilitating movement.

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11
Q

What type of cartilage is found at the end of bones in synovial joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage

This cartilage allows bones to move freely with minimal friction.

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12
Q

What is synovial fluid and its function?

A

Keeps joint well-oiled, provides nutrition, removes waste

Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant for joints.

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13
Q

What are Type I muscle fibers characterized by?

A

High endurance, low force, prolonged activities

Type I fibers are often used in endurance activities like marathons.

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14
Q

Describe Type IIA muscle fibers.

A

Intermediate of fast oxidative fibers, intermediate endurance/force production

Type IIA fibers are versatile, supporting both endurance and power activities.

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15
Q

What are Type IIB muscle fibers known for?

A

Low endurance, high force production

These fibers are primarily used in short, high-intensity activities like weightlifting.

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16
Q

What is Flexion?

A

Angle decreases across joint (e.g., bicep curl)

Example: Bicep curl

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17
Q

What is Abduction?

A

Away from midline (e.g., GK stretching out)

Example: Goalkeeper stretching out

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18
Q

What is Circumduction?

A

Distal = circular, proximal = fixed

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19
Q

What is Supination?

A

Palm up (e.g., hands up to catch high ball)

Example: Catching a high ball

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20
Q

What is Inversion?

A

Toes inwards (e.g., kicking football)

Example: Kicking a football

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21
Q

What is Plantar Flexion?

A

Toes point down (e.g., calf raise)

Example: Calf raise

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22
Q

What is Extension?

A

Angle increases across joint (e.g., bicep curl)

Example: Bicep curl

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23
Q

What is Adduction?

A

Towards midline (e.g., star jump)

Example: Star jump

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24
Q

What is Rotation?

A

Moved around central axis (e.g., golf swing)

Example: Golf swing

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25
What is Pronation?
Palm down (e.g., dribbling in basketball) ## Footnote Example: Dribbling in basketball
26
What is Eversion?
Toes outwards (e.g., kicking with instep) ## Footnote Example: Kicking with instep
27
What is Dorsiflexion?
Toes towards knee (e.g., therapy band exercise) ## Footnote Example: Therapy band exercise
28
What are the major structures of muscle?
Sarcolemma (cell membrane), Sarcoplasm (cytoplasm), Myofibrils (thread-like structures), Sarcomeres (actin and myosin)
29
What is Isotonic contraction?
Concentric contraction. Exerts force, shortens in length (e.g., bicep contracting) ## Footnote Example: Bicep contracting
30
What is Eccentric contraction?
Produces force while lengthening, assisted by gravity (e.g., lowering phase of bicep curl) ## Footnote Example: Lowering phase of bicep curl
31
What is Isometric contraction?
Produces force, no change in length (e.g., handstand) ## Footnote Example: Handstand
32
What is an Agonist?
Working muscle, prime mover, undergoing contraction to cause movement (e.g., biceps brachii in bicep curl) ## Footnote Example: Biceps brachii
33
What is an Antagonist?
Relaxing muscle that lengthens for agonist to contract (e.g., triceps brachii in bicep curl) ## Footnote Example: Triceps brachii
34
What is a Stabiliser (Fixator)?
Acts at a joint to stabilise, provides a fixed base with minimal movement (e.g., deltoid stabilising shoulder) ## Footnote Example: Deltoid
35
What is biomechanics?
A science concerned with forces within the human body and the efficiency of movement.
36
What is motion?
Movement of the body or its parts.
37
What is linear motion?
Movement in a straight line.
38
What is velocity?
Rate of positional change (V = %).
39
What is speed?
Time rate at which an object is moving (s = °/t). May not be linear.
40
What is acceleration?
Rate of change in velocity in a given time period (A = V-4). Faster = better agility.
41
What is momentum?
Momentum (M = m x V). Greater momentum means harder to stop.
42
What is angular motion?
Movement around an axis.
43
What is general motion?
Combination of linear and angular motion.
44
What is balance and stability?
Maintaining posture and preventing falls. Static and dynamic balance.
45
What is the center of gravity (COG)?
Point where mass is evenly distributed, affecting stability.
46
What is the line of gravity (LOG)?
Vertical line from COG to ground. Should be within the base of support.
47
What is the base of support (BOS)?
Area beneath the body that supports weight. Wider base is more stable.
48
What is fluid mechanics?
Study of air and water flow.
49
What is drag force?
Resistance force that opposes the movement of an object through a fluid environment.
50
What is profile drag?
Created by the shape/size of the object.
51
What is surface drag?
Friction between the surface and fluid surrounding it. Rougher surfaces increase drag.
52
What is buoyancy?
Force exerted by fluid that opposes the weight of an object.
53
What happens with high buoyant force?
An object will float if its weight (mass x gravity) is less than the buoyant force.
54
What happens with low buoyant force?
An object will sink if its weight is greater than the buoyant force.
55
What is the First Law of Motion?
A body at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force.
56
What is the Second Law of Motion?
Acceleration is directionally proportional to force.
57
What is the Third Law of Motion?
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
58
What is muscle force?
Force generated by muscle contractions that cause movement.
59
What is ground reaction force?
Force exerted by the ground on the body in response to contact.
60
What is the role of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system consists of organs that allow a person to breathe and facilitate the exchange of O2 and CO2.
61
What does the circulatory system do?
The circulatory system ensures a continual flow of blood from the heart to the cells.
62
What are the main components of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, lungs, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm.
63
What are the main components of the circulatory system?
Heart, blood vessels, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins.
64
What is gaseous exchange?
Gaseous exchange is the exchange of gases from high to low concentration, involving internal and external exchanges.
65
What is pulmonary circulation?
Pulmonary circulation refers to blood flow between the heart and lungs.
66
What is systemic circulation?
Systemic circulation refers to blood flow between the heart and other tissues.
67
What factors impact the efficiency of the cardiovascular system?
Altitude can impact efficiency, leading to hypoxia (O2 deficiency) and physiological effects such as reduced oxygen availability.
68
How does high altitude training affect performance?
High altitude training stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) production, increasing red blood cells and improving performance.
69
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body, maintaining function and energy levels.
70
What are the effects of higher hemoglobin levels?
Higher hemoglobin levels lead to increased O2 delivery, capacity, endurance, and stamina.
71
What are the effects of lower hemoglobin levels?
Lower hemoglobin levels result in reduced O2 transport, early onset of fatigue, and decreased performance.
72
What is vascular disease?
Vascular disease affects the network of blood vessels, increasing heart workload and impairing muscle function.
73
What is the role of the mouth in the digestive system?
The mouth breaks down food.
74
What is the function of the oesophagus?
The oesophagus transports food.
75
What does the stomach secrete?
The stomach secretes acids.
76
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
The small intestine is responsible for nutrient absorption.
77
What does the large intestine do?
The large intestine absorbs water.
78
What is the function of the liver in digestion?
The liver produces bile.
79
What are the three main functions of the digestive system?
Digestion, absorption, and elimination.
80
What is the role of hormones in the endocrine system?
Hormones act as chemical messengers.
81
How do hormones regulate energy supply?
They regulate the release and use of nutrients from the digestive system.
82
What is the role of thyroid hormones?
Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism and influence how quickly the body loses energy.
83
What do adrenal hormones do?
Adrenal hormones help manage energy use and stress responses.
84
What stimulates growth in the body?
Growth hormones stimulate growth.
85
What is the role of insulin in the body?
Insulin promotes protein synthesis and muscle recovery.
86
What are carbohydrates used for?
Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy.
87
What is the difference between complex and simple carbohydrates?
Complex carbohydrates provide sustained energy, while simple carbohydrates provide quick energy.
88
What is the function of proteins?
Proteins are essential for muscle growth and repair.
89
What is the role of fats in the body?
Fats provide long-term energy and maintain cell membrane integrity.
90
What do vitamins and minerals contribute to?
Vitamins and minerals are involved in enzymatic reactions and cellular functions.
91
What is the role of the nervous system in movement?
The nervous system controls and coordinates movement, working with the muscular and skeletal systems to enable precise coordinated actions.
92
What are the main components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
The main components of the CNS are the brain and spinal cord.
93
What is the function of the cerebrum?
The cerebrum is responsible for voluntary movement, sensation, and memory.
94
What does the cerebellum do?
The cerebellum is responsible for balance and fine-tuning motor activity.
95
What is the role of the brainstem?
The brainstem manages basic functions and transmits information from the brain to the spinal cord.
96
What is the function of the spinal cord?
The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body and facilitates reflex actions.
97
How do the systems of the body work together?
The systems of the body work together by coordinating movements through the nervous system, muscular system, and skeletal system.

Health and Movement Science (1 decks)

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