Book #1, Chapter #12, Grammar, Set #1 Flashcards
(30 cards)
What are relative pronouns and how are they used?
Relative pronouns are used to combine two sentences or clauses that share a common element, such as a noun or pronoun.
Examples:
A) 1) Mis padres me regalaron la aspiradora. (My parents gave me the vacuum cleaner)
2) La aspiradora funciona muy bien. (The vacuum cleaner works really well)
1 + 2) La aspiradora que mis padres me regalaron funciona muy bien. (The vacuum cleaner that my parents gavve me works really well)
B) 1) Lourdes es my inteligente. (Lourdes is very intelligent)
2) Lourdes estudia español. (Lourdes studies Spanish)
1 + 2) Lourdes, quien estudia Español, es muy inteligente. (Lourdes, who studies Spanish, is very intelligent)
What are the three Spanish relative pronouns?
1) “Que”: that; which; who
2) “Quien(es)”: who; whom; that
3) “Lo que”: that which; what
Note: Although interrogative pronouns (què, quièn, etc.) always carry an accent, relative pronouns never carry a written accent.
How do you use the relative pronoun “que”?
“Que” is the most frequently used relative pronoun. It can refer to things or people. Unlike its English counterpart, “that”, “que” is never omitted.
Examples:
1) ¿Dònde esta la cafetera que comprè? (Where is the coffee maker (that) I bought?)
2) El hombre que limpia es Pedro. (The man who is cleaning is Pedro)
How do you use the relative pronoun “quien”?
The relative pronoun “quien” refers only to people, and is often used after a preposition of the personal “a”. “Quien” has only two forms: “quien”(singular) “queines” (plural).
What is the special rule about using “quien”.
Quien(es) is occasionally used instead of “que” in clauses set off by commas.
1) Lola, quien es cubana, es mèdica. (Lola, who is Cuban, is a doctor.)
2) Su tìa, que el alemana, ya llegò. (Her aunt, who is German, already arrived.)
How do you the expression “lo que”?
Unlike “que” and “quien(es)”, lo que doesn’t refer to a specific noun. It refers to an idea, a situation, or a past event and means “what”, “that which”, or “the thing that”.
1) Lo que me molesta es el calor. (What bothers me is the heat.)
2) Lo que quiere es una casa. (What I want is a house.)
What are the formal command forms and how do you use them?
Formal commands are the command forms used with people who are addressed as “usted” and “ustedes”. The usted and ustedes commands, like the negative tù commands, are formed by dropping the final -o of the present tense “yo” form of a verb. For -ar verbs, add -e or -en. For -er or -ir verbs, add -a or -an.
What is the special rule about the formal command forms of verbs with irregular “yo” forms.
They retain their irregularity in their formal commands.
1) Oiga, don Manolo… (Listen, Don Manolo…)
2) Hagan la cama antes de salir. (Make the bed before leaving.)
What is the special rule about the formal command forms of stem-changing verbs?
Verbs maintain their stem changes in usted and ustedes commands.
1) No piedra la llave.
2) Sirva la sopa, por favor.
What is the special rule about the formal command forms of verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar?
They have a spelling change in the command forms.
1) sacar c -> qu saque, saquen
2) jugar g -> gu juegue, jueguen
3) almorzar z -> c almerce, almuercen
List all verbs with irregular formal command forms and give those forms.
Infinitive: Ud. command: Uds. command
dar dè den
estar estè estèn
ir vaya vayan
saber sepa sepan
ser sea sean
How do you make a formal command negative?
Simply place “no” before the verb.
Where do reflexive, indirect and direct object pronouns go in affirmative commands?
They are always attached to the end of the verb.
1) Sièntense, por favor.
2) Acuèstense ahora.
What is the rule about accent marks when attaching a pronoun to an affirmative command that has two or more syllables?
An accent mark is added to maintain the original stress.
1) limpie -> lìmpielo
2) lean -> lèanlo
3) diga -> dìgamelo
4) sacudan -> sacùdanlos
Where are pronouns placed in a negative formal command?
Always before the verb, but after the “no”.
1) No se preocupe.
2) No me lo dè.
3) No los ensucien.
4) No nos las traigan.
What is the rule about using usted and ustedes with formal command forms?
They can be used to strike a more formal tone. When used this way, they follow the command form.
1) Muèstrele usted la foto a su amigo. (Show the photo to your friend.)
2) Tomen ustedes esta mesa. (Take this table.)
What is the subjunctive mood used to convey?
The subjunctive mood is used to express the speaker’s attitude towards events, as well as to express actions or states that the speaker views as uncertain or hypothetical.
How do you form the present subjunctive form of verbs?
From the “yo” form of the present indicative, drop the -o ending and replace it with the subjunctive endings.
Give all the present subjunctive endings.
A) -ar verbs: yo -e tu -es el/ella/ud. -en nosotros -emos vosotros -èis uds./ellos/ellas -en
B) -er and -ir verbs: yo -a tu -as ud./el/ella -a nosotros -amos vosotros -àis uds./ellos/ellas -an
How do you conjugate verbs with irregular “yo” forms in the present subjunctive?
They retain the same irregularity in all forms of the present subjunctive.
How do you conjugate verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar in the present subjunctive?
They have a spelling change in all forms of the subjunctive.
Examples:
A) sacar -> saque, saques, saque, saquemos, saquèis, saquen
B) jugar -> juegue, juegues, juegue, juguemos, juguèis, jueguen
C) almorzar -> almuerce, almuerces, almuerce, almorcemos, almorcèis, almercen
How do you conjugate -ar and -er stem-changing verbs in the present subjunctive?
They have the same stem changesin the subjunctive.
How do you conjugate -ir stem-changing verbs in the present subjunctive?
-Ir stem-changing verbs have the same stem changes in the subjunctive as they do in the present indicative, but, in addition, the nosotros/as, and vosotros/as forms undergo a stem change. The unstressed e changes to i, while the unstressed o changes to u.
A) pedir (e:i): pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidàis, pidan
B) sentir (e:ie): sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintàis, sientan
C) dormir (o:ue): duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmàis, duerman
List and all six verbs that are irregular in the subjunctive and conjugate them.
A) dar yo dè tù des ud./èl/ella dè nosotros demos vosotros deis uds./ellos/as den
B) estar yo estè tù estès ud./èl/ella estè nosotros estemos vosotros estèis uds./ellos/as estèn
C) ir yo vaya tù vayas ud./èl/ella vaya nosotros vayamos vosotros vayàis uds./ellos/as vayan
D) saber yo sepa tù sepas ud./èl/ella sepa nosotros sepamos vosotros sepàis uds./ellos/as sepan
E) ser yo sea tù seas ud./èl/ella sea nosotros seamos vosotros seàis uds./ellos/as sean
F) hay (there is) -> haya
