Book 1 Unit 4 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Converse of a statement
A statement that reverses the subject and predicate. It is only valid for E and I statements.
Immediate inference
A statement that can be inferred directly from another statement.
Obverse of a statement
A statement of the opposite quality with a negated premise. It is valid for all statements.
Complement of a term
The set of all terms not included in the given term. Thus the complement the term P is non-P.
Contrapositive of a statement
A statement that reverses and negates both the subject and the predicate of the original. It is valid for A and O.
Inclusive
A word, often a relative pronoun or adverb, that refers to a broad range of things or times
Exclusives
Words that set boundaries, referring only to a limited class of things.
Enthymeme
An argument in which a statement is unstated and assumed.
Specifically, it is a syllogism with one premise unstated.
Hypothetical
A statement that affirms an outcome based on a condition. It has the form If P then Q.
Pure hypothetical syllogism
An argument that uses only hypothetical statements.
Antecedent of a hypothetical statement
The condition, the part following the “if.”
Consequent of a hypothetical statement
The result of the condition, the part following the “then.”
Mixed hypothetical syllogism
An argument that uses both hypothetical and categorical statements.
Name the two basic, valid, mixed hypothetical syllogisms
Modus ponens and modus tollens.
Name the two basic invalid mixed hypothetical syllogisms
Affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent.
Informal fallacy
A popular but invalid (or unhelpful) form of argument.
Fallacy of distraction
An argument that confuses the issue by pointing to information that is actually irrelevant to the conclusion.
Ipse dixit
An illegitimate appeal to authority.
As populum
An illegitimate appeal to a majority.
Ad baculum
An illegitimate appeal to force.
Ad hominem
A verbal attack on a person rather that his or her argument.
Bulverism
Attacking a position by pointing out how the arguer came to hold it.
Tu quoque
A statement pointing to an inconsistency between a persons argument and behavior.
Ad ignorantiam
An argument from lack of evidence.
