Book

Question 1

Psychological differences between sexes and other gender-role stereotypes are created and maintained by difference sin socially assigned roles that men & women would rather play.

Answer 1

social-roles hypothesis

Question 2

Gender role develops during the phallic stage –identify with & emulate same-sex parent
Castration Anxiety → Oedipus Complex (Electra Complex, not as strong).

Answer 2

How does Freud’s psychoanalytic theory explain gender role development

Question 3

Tendency to become aroused by and vicariously experience emotions of others

Answer 3

What is empathy?

Question 4

Fearful distress & tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar people/situations

Answer 4

Temprament - What is behavioral inhibition?

Question 5

Adolescent shyness:
US – rejected by peers
Asian culture – shy/reserved = socially mature

Answer 5

How does culture play a role in the links between temperament and developmental outcomes?

Question 6

Strong affectional ties that parents feel toward child.

Strongest bonding occurs directly after birth (sensitive period)

Answer 6

What is emotional bonding?

Question 7

Generally harmonious interactions between 2 people in which participants adjust behavior in response to partner’s actions and emotions

Answer 7

What are synchronized routines?

Question 8

Use of caregiver as base from which to explore environment/return for emotional support

Answer 8

What is a secure base?

Question 9

Baby duck’s response to follow mothers/attach to mother during critical period.

Answer 9

What is imprinting?

Question 10

Innate attribute (product of evolution) that serves function increasing chance of survival for individual and species

Answer 10

What is a preadapted characteristic?

Question 11

Caregiver capacity to understand infant emotions, motives, and behaviors & take them into account when responding to infant– important contributor to sensitive caregiving

Answer 11

What is insightfulness (in relation to attachment/caregiving)?

Question 12

Better problem solvers, more complex/creative during play, more (+) and fewer (–) emotions, more attractive to other toddlers as playmates

Answer 12

What are some long-term correlates of secure and insecure attachments?

Question 13

Inability to form secure attachment bonds with other people

Answer 13

What is reactive attachment disorder?

Question 14

Socially deprived infants develop abnormally b/c no established attachment to primary caregiver

Answer 14

What is the maternal deprivation hypothesis?

Question 15

Socially deprived infants develop abnormally b/c little contact w/ companions who respond contingently to social overtures.

Answer 15

What is the social stimulation hypothesis?

Question 16

Process by which child becomes aware of his/her gender and acquires motives, values, and behaviors considered appropriate for members of that sex.

Answer 16

What is gender typing?

Question 17

Home and scholastic influences - gender -

Answer 17

What are some subcultural variations in gender typing?

Question 18

Psychological differences between sexes and other gender-role stereotypes are created and maintained by difference sin socially assigned roles that men & women would rather play.

Answer 18

What is the social-roles hypothesis?

Question 19

Self referring to erotic thoughts, actions, and orientation

Answer 19

What is sexuality?

Question 20

Media has influenced the search/openness about sexuality

Answer 20

How have ideas about sexuality changed in recent years?

Question 21

More than 10% (more than 1 million) of teenage girls become pregnant.

Mother: interrupted education, loss of contact with social life, low-paying job if drops out, not prepared psychologically.
Baby: poorly nourished, used alcohol/drugs during pregnancy, low prenatal care, birth complications, rarely receive support from father.

Answer 21

How common is teenage pregnancy?

What are some consequences for the mother and the baby?

Question 22

Gender role develops during the phallic stage –identify with & emulate same-sex parent
Castration Anxiety → Oedipus Complex (Electra Complex, not as strong).

Answer 22

How does Freud’s psychoanalytic theory explain gender role development?

Question 23

Tendency to become aroused by and vicariously experience emotions of others

Answer 23

What is empathy?

Question 24

Presence of stimuli previously associated w/ aggression evokes aggressive responses

Answer 24

What is the “aggressive-cues” hypothesis?

Question 25

Twins display very similar trends → biological component! (40–50%)

Answer 25

What has research found regarding the genotype and aggression?

Question 26

Evocative Genotype/Environment Correlations – evoke response in others that causes aggression

Answer 26

What has research found regarding temperament and aggression?

Question 27

Passive, non-aggressive cultures that preach harmony. Collectivist cultures.

Answer 27

What are some subcultural variations in aggression?

Question 28

Residents well connected, neighborly, & monitor events to maintain public order

Answer 28

What is collective efficacy?

Question 29

Give benefit of doubt to peers rather than quickly assuming their displeasing actions reflect hostile or antisocial intent

Answer 29

What is a benign attribution hypothesis?

Question 30

Feelings of sympathy/compassion elicited when we experience emotions of distressed other; thought to become important mediator of altruism

Answer 30

What is sympathetic empathic arousal?

Question 31

Feeling of personal discomfort/distress elicited when experiencing emotions of distressed other; inhibits altruism

Answer 31

What is self-oriented distress?

Question 32

Verbal encouragement to help, comfort, share, or cooperate with others

Answer 32

What are altruistic exhortations?

Question 33

Committed compliance – compliance based on child’s eagerness to cooperate with responsive parent who has been willing to cooperate with him/her
Situational compliance –compliance based on parent’s power to control child’s conduct

Answer 33

What is the difference between committed compliance and situational compliance?

Question 34

Ability to avoid self-condemnation when engaged in immoral behavior by justifying one’s actions as appropriate, minimizing their effects, or blaming others for one’s conduct

Answer 34

What is moral disengagement?

Question 35

Moral affect, reasoning, and behavior may depend on situation one faces as much as or more than on all internalized set of moral principles (many social-learning theorists believe this)

Answer 35

What is the doctrine of specificity?

Question 36

Ability to display acceptable conduct by resisting the temptation to commit a forbidden act

Answer 36

What are inhibitory controls?