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Italy > Booklet 1 - Source Question Revolutions of 1848 > Flashcards

Booklet 1 - Source Question Revolutions of 1848 Flashcards

1
Q

How did Mazzini contribute to the growth of nationalism (2)

A

Great propagandist

Recruited Garibaldi

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2
Q

How many followers did Mazzini / Young Italy have

A

50,000

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3
Q

What were the nationalist ideals of Balbo (2)

A

Wanted Piedmont to reclaim Lombardy and Venetia

Wanted Charles Albert as a leader

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4
Q

How many copies of Gioberti’s “Primato” sold?

A

5000

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5
Q

What were Gioberti’s nationalist ideals (2)

A

United under Pius IX

Neo-Guelphism

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6
Q

What were Azeglio’s nationalist ideals?

A

Anti-Revolution

Believed uniting Italy would come from above

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7
Q

Describe the Carbonari (2)

A

Based in Naples

60,000 followers

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8
Q

Where were the Spillo Negro based?

A

Papal States

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9
Q

How did Dante contribute to nationalism

A

Written in the Italian language

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10
Q

How did Romans contribute to nationalism

A

Circe spoke of Italy as a whole

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11
Q

Describe the government of Piedmont-Sardinia

A

Modern and liberal

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12
Q

What sort of ruler was Charles Albert

A

A cautious ruler

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13
Q

Give two examples of a positive initial relationship between Pius IX and Charles Albert

A

CA joined Pius IX’s customs union

CA supported Pius’ reforms of the legal system

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14
Q

What inspired the “Statuto”? (2)

A

Demands for reform

New constitutions in France, Germany and Austria

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15
Q

When was the “Statuto” presented?

A

1847

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16
Q

What was the “Statuto” influenced by?

A

American, English and Belgian constitutions

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17
Q

What effect did the “Statuto” have

A

Gave radicals and reformers civil rights

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18
Q

What effect did the “Statuto” have on nationalism

A

Increased the drive for unification

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19
Q

When was Pius IX elected

A

1846

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20
Q

Why did Catholic cardinals elect Pius?

A

He had a moderate stance

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21
Q

What was one of the Pope’s first acts?

A

A release of political prisoners

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22
Q

What steps did Pius take towards unification (2)

A

Questioning the justice system

Recruiting a council of advisors

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23
Q

What effect did Pius have on other states?

A

Progressive actions inspired other states, for example the abolition of press censorship in Piedmont

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24
Q

Why did Lombardy-Venetia resent Austria?

A

High taxation

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25
How much of the Austrian Empire's taxes revenues came from Lombardy-Venetia
1/3
26
When did tensions with the Austrians begin
When Austrian troops occupied the Papal town of Ferrara
27
What did Austria's occupation of Ferrara cause?
Pius lodged a formal protest with the Austrian governent
28
``` What happened in January 1848? Papal States (2) ```
Pius denied Austria the right to cross the Papal States | Asked the Lord to bless "Italia"
29
What did the conflict between Pius and Austria suggest?
Austria, a Catholic country, was in conflict with the church
30
What happened in March 1848? (2)
Declaration of a republic in Venice | Skirmishes in Milan which forced out the Austrian garrison
31
What percentage of the Italian population was made up of peasants?
90%
32
What percentage of the Italian population was made up of Catholics?
90%
33
What sort of farming did the majority of peasants rely on?
Tenant subsistence farming
34
What was the problem with Tenant subsistence farming?
Inefficient and vulnerable to foreign competition
35
What happened to peasants' land?
They lost long-held communal land to the wealthy, conservative ruling class
36
What happened to industrial workers?
Laid off due to over-production
37
What did the Europe wide harvest failures in 1846 and 47 cause?
Maize and wheat shortages -> high prices
38
What did increased food prices lead to?
Riots in towns
39
What did Milan suffer from? (3)
Overcrowding Poor housing Terrible conditions
40
What happened to life expectancy in Naples
It declined after 1810
41
What was the life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s
24
42
Why did Sicilians despise their rulers in Naples
They blamed them for the outbreak of cholera in 1836
43
What were the effects of the 1836 cholera outbreak in Sicily
65,000 deaths
44
What happened in Sicily in January 1848
Another cholera outbreak
45
What happened in Sicily in January 9th 1848
Notices in Palermo go up citing revolution
46
What happened to revolutionaries in Palermo (January 9th 1848)
The authorities arrest suspects
47
What happened in Sicily 12th January 1848?
The city is taken over and the 1812 Constitution is demanded
48
What happened in the January 17th 1848 uprising in Naples? (3)
Public records were burned Bourbon officials were killed Demands for the constitution of 1820
49
What effect did the January uprising in Sicily have on Naples?
Caused an uprising in the famine-affected Salermo
50
What did Ferdinand do January 27th? (2)
Appointed a more liberal ministry | Withdrew troops from Palermo
51
What did leaders do February 17th 1848?
Pope Pius IX and Grande Duke Leopold (Tuscany) granted a conservative constitution (like Ferdinand had done prior)
52
What happened in Austria March 1848? (2)
Revolution breaks out in Vienna | Metternich resigns
53
When were the "Five Glorious Days"?
March 18 1948
54
What were the "Five Glorious Days"? (3)
10,000 people presented a petition for liberal reforms in Milan Barricades thrown up against Austrian forces Lombardy asked for an alliance with Piedmont
55
Who declared a Venetian Republic March 22nd 1848?
Daniel Manin
56
What did Charles Albert do March 22nd 1848?
Declared war on Austria and invades Lombardy
57
What were peasants doing in Sicily, April 1848 (4)
Destroying property Freeing prisoners Burning tax records (meant a civic guard had to be set up)
58
What did Pius IX do on April 29th 1848
Issues his allocution
59
What does Pius' allocution state? (3)
War with Austria doesn't have his blessing Charles Albert is the aggressor Papacy doesn't want to lead a united Italy
60
What happens in Naples and Sicily in April 1848? (2)
Sicily and Naples are declared to be totally separate | Declare the King of Naples is no longer their king
61
How does Ferdinand act against Austria May 1848? (2)
Broadens the franchise | Sends 17,000 men against Austria
62
What does Ferdinand agree to May 1848?
Agrees to a two chamber parliament | To free press from censorship
63
When and how did France start to intervene?
May 1848 | 30,000 French troops amassed on Piedmont's western border
64
What was the problem with Charles Albert's troops? (3)
Regional loyalty Different political aims Albert refused to accept recruits that did not swear loyalty to Piedmont
65
What was a success for Charles Albert May 1848?
Takes Peschiera and wins the battle of Goito
66
What is a failure for Charles Albert July 24th 1848
Crushed at the Battle of Custozza
67
When is the Armistice of Salasco signed
11th August 1848
68
What is the turning point for Sicily and Naples
August 6th 1848 - Anti-constitutional Giustino Fortunato is put in charge of the government
69
What did Fernand do September 1848?
Bombed Messina (Sicily) for 3 days
70
Who does Pius elect as his PM | Why is this bad?
Count Rossi | Anti-Liberal
71
When is Count Rossi elected?
September 1848
72
When is Count Rossi murdered
November 15th 1848
73
When and where does Pope Pius flee
November 26th | Gaeta in Naples
74
What does Giuseppe Galletti do in Rome December 1848?
Establishes a revolutionary government
75
What does the revolutionary government under Galletti do? (3)
Tax reform Public works Constituent assembly
76
Why does Leopold flee in January 1849
The atmosphere in Tuscany became more radical
77
Who is the constituent assembly mainly comprised of?
Radical middle classes
78
When is the Battle of Novara
March 23 1849
79
What is the outcome of the Battle of Novara
Piedmont loses
80
When does Mazzini arrive in Rome
March 1849
81
What does Mazzini do in Rome with Armellini and Saffi? (4)
Reforms law Clears slums Abolishes the death penalty Promises a constitution
82
When does Charles Albert abdicate
March 1849
83
When are Sicily and Naples reunited?
April 1849
84
When does Leopold return
April 1849
85
Why does Louis Napoleon send troops to Italy?
To win support of the Catholics after Pius pleads for help
86
When does Louis Napoleon's troops arrive in Italy
24th April 1849
87
What is an obstacle to Napoleon in Rome?
Garibaldi's volunteers hold him off for 2 months
88
Who leads the French troops?
General Oudinot
89
When does Ferdinand re-establish autocratic rule in Naples and Sicily
May 15th 1849
90
What happens to the constitution in Rome?
Finally issued in June 1849 but it is too late
91
How many troops put Rome under siege in June 1849
20,000
92
When do French troops enter Rome
July 3rd 1849
93
When is peace signed for between Austria and Piedmont
August 1849
94
How much does Piedmont have to pay in reparations?
65 million francs
95
Why does the Republic of Venice have to surrender in August 1849 (2)
Hunger | Outbreak of cholera

Italy (3 decks)

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