Booklet 2 My Notes Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What was the only result of the 1848-1849 revolutions
A
. Charles Albert’s legacy was the Statuto – only result of the revolutions
2
Q
When did VEII succeed Charles Albert
A
March 1849
3
Q
2 suggestions for why VEII kept the Statuto
A
. Some say he defied the Austrians to keep the Statuto
. Others say the Austrians told him to keep it to stop people rising up again
4
Q
Under the Statuto how was parliament split and what did the king have direct control of>
A
Statuto – of the two parliamentary chambers the upper was appointed by the king, lower only represented, king had direct control of army
5
Q
What % of the population were literate?
A
2.25%
6
Q
Why did nationalists have low expectations for VEII
A
. Trained to be an autocratic ruler
. His mother and wife were both members of the Austrian imperial family
7
Q
Impact of Austrian dominance (5 points)
A
. No way to achieve unity without foreign help
. Military strength
. Venetian republic under tighter Austrian control
. Suppressed constitutions and destroyed revolutionary spirit
. Neapolitan rule re-established in Sicily, two Sicilians united
8
Q
How was the church able to stop revolutionary ideas spreading
A
Easy for church to keep control of peasants and stop revolutionary ideas spreading as Mazzini didn’t involve peasants
9
Q
What did the pope do to those who tried to reduce his power, when did he return to Rome and what did he do?
A
Pope excommunicated all who tried to reduce the temporal power of the papacy and in 1850 he returned to Rome and denounced all his earlier reforms
10
Q
How many troops were stationed in Rome supporting the Pope and what nationality
A
20,000 French troops
11
Q
Why did Mazzini fail
A
. Ideas failed to reach peasants and see their revolutionary potential
. Ideas were too intellectual for the masses, used complex language
12
Q
Why did liberals dislike Mazzini?
A
Ideas were too radical and the liberals deemed him dangerous
13
Q
Why did the rich dislike Mazzini?
A
He wanted to redistribute wealth in Europe
14
Q
What did Mazzini create
A
An ideal which would threaten those in power when adapted by people like Cavour
15
Q
How could foreign support be gained
A
By keeping Mazzini’s republicanism in check
16
Q
After the revolutions who did the nationalists turn their attentions away from and to
A
Away from Pius IX towards the Piedmontese monarch
17
Q
What did Piedmont attract in the 1850s
A
Political refugees
18
Q
What was VEII considered a hero of
A
Unification
19
Q
What did VEII allow to stay
A
The Statuto
20
Q
What was one of VEII first actions
A
To shell Genoa where radicals where
21
Q
Who and when did he appoint his first PM and what did they do
A
End of 1849 he appointed Massimo Azeglio as PM – he controlled a moderate conservative administration
22
Q
What was VEII seen as?
A
Lazy but courageous
23
Q
Who did VEII not want having influence
A
The Catholic Church
24
Q
What did the British think VEII was?
A
A cautious liberal
25
What did the Austrians think VEII was?
A cautious conservative
26
Who did VEII hate?
Mazzini
27
What were the left deputies like?
Somewhat democratic, loosely liberal, anti clerical
28
What were the right deputies like?
Feared revolution, somewhat pro church, anti liberal, anti free trade
29
What was the electorate
Landowners, 2% of male pop
30
How many constituencies did the deputies represent
200
31
What was D’Azeglio position like?
. D’Azeglio only had a small parliamentary majority – weak position
32
What was D’Azeglio’s first major policy and why was he and VEII annoyed with the church?
. First major policy was to challenge the church
. King and minister were upset when the church in 1848 when they abandoned Charles Albert
33
When were the Siccardi laws brought in?
March 1850
34
What were the Siccardi laws (4 points)
Siccardi laws –
. Separate law courts for priests abolished, Statuto said all justice come from the King
. The right for criminals to seek sanctuary and protection in churches abolished
. Religious groups property rights were restricted
. Feasts days where people didn’t work were reduced
35
Who ignored the Siccardi laws and what happened to him?
When senior churchman Archbishop Frasoni ignored these measures, he was imprisoned
36
How did D’Azeglio try to appease the right
By imposing some press freedom
37
Who did D’Azeglio upset and what did the mean for him?
D’Azeglio had upset the pope – days were numbered
38
What was the Connubio and when did it happen?
1851-1852 Cavour made a parliamentary agreement with the leader of the centre left Urbano Ratazzi
39
What was the impact of the Connubio
The alliance strengthened parliament against the crown and despite the Kings disapproval, Ratazzi was appointed president of the chambers of deputies
40
What was the impact of the Connubio on D’Azeglio’s government
. D’Azeglio’s moderate right government was weakened
41
What caused D’Azeglio’s government to fall?
His ministry fell when he tried to move to the next stage of his anti clerical measure was and introduce civil marriage in 1852
42
What did Cavour ask of VEII and when?
In November 1852 Cavour asked VEII to make him PM
43
What did Cavour drop plans for?
Civil marriage
44
What did Cavour attack in 1855?
The wealth of the church
45
How much did the state give the church per year and what did Cavour abolish?
State gave the church 5 million lire per year so he abolished all monasteries not involved in education or charity
46
How many monasteries and benefices were closed and how much money did this add to the state?
. 153 monasteries and 1700 benefices were suppressed and added £145,640 to the state’s income
47
What did Cavour’s church reforms cause and what did he do?
Caused a constitutional crisis and Cavour temporarily resigned but got his way
48
What did Cavour end and why and who did he sack and when did this happen?
In 1857, the Right who sympathised with the church increased their votes so Cavour sacked Ratazzi and ended the Connubio to create more stability
49
What happened to a Mazzinian inspired insurrection, where was it and when - what did this show about Mazzini?
. Mazzinian inspired insurrection in Austrian controlled Milan in February 1853 was crushed
. Cavour warned Austria and received thanks from Vienna – showed Mazzini’s methods were weak
50
Where else did Mazzini lead revolts and what did these failures show?
. Lots revolts lead by Mazzini in Genoa which failed
. Failures proved Mazzini was unlikely to bring about change
51
Who did Cavour persecute and what did he suppress
Cavour persecuted Mazzini democrats and suppressed Mazzini press
52
What did Cavour do in government and when?
. In 1857 he found technicalities to reduce a right wing government and appointed himself PM, foreign Minister and Finance Minister
. Was undemocratic but created stability
53
How did Cavour create stability and what departments did he reform and when?
. Stability through liberal ways – administrative reforms in financial department in 1852 and in the foreign office in 1853
54
When was the electric telegraph built and what cities did it link?
1853 - the electric telegraph linked Turin to Paris.
55
What did Cavour have built in 1853
1853 - the electric telegraph linked Turin to Paris
56
What was building began in 1857
Building of canals began in 1857 with the construction of the Cavour Canal
57
When did the building of canals begin?
1857
58
What industry was thriving in the 1840s and why?
In the 1840s the Piedmontese textile industry thrived, due to a lack of coal in Northern Italy, there was also a lack of factories so both the wool and silk industries were domestic industries.
59
How many silk workers were there in 1844 in Piedmont?
There were 60,000 silk workers in 1844 in Piedmont
60
How many cotton workers were there in 1844 in Piedmont?
There were 114000 cotton workers in 1844 in Piedmont
61
How much did Cavour increase trade value by in the 1840s and 1850s
Trade increased in value by 300%
62
How much did the public debt rise from and to, give the values and years
The public debt of Piedmont rose from 120 million Lire in 1847 to 725 million Lire by 1859.
63
What countries did Cavour have free trade treaties with?
Britain, France and Belgium
64
What links did Cavour make and what did this give Piedmont?
Created international links with advanced Western states and gave Piedmont the raw materials and machinery
65
How did Cavour pay for this industrial growth?
Cavour floated large foreign loans to pay off war indemnity to Austria to finance his industrial projects
66
What did Cavour encourage into Piedmont?
The investment of foreign capital into Piedmont, the majority of it being French.
67
What was built in 1854 by Cavour?
A line was built to link Milan, Turin, Genoa and the French Border – mostly funded by the French banker Rothschild
68
What countries did the line link?
Milan, Turin, Genoa and the French Border
69
Who was the line mostly funded by?
The French banker Rothschild
70
When was the line built?
1854
71
What was built in 1857 by Cavour?
The tunnel through Mount Cenis making a crossing through the Alps
72
Where did the tunnel go through?
The tunnel was through Mount Cenis making a crossing through the Alps
73
When was the tunnel built?
1857
74
Who financed most of Cavour’s projects?
A number of Parisian based bankers including Rothschild and Laffitte
75
How many Km of railway did Piedmont have in the 1850s and how much did the whole of Italy have?
Piedmont had 819 km of railway by the end of the 1850s (the whole of Italy only had 1,798 km)
76
What fraction of Italy’s railway did Piedmont have by the end of the 1850s?
Piedmont had 1/3 of the peninsula’s railway by the end of the 1850s
77
What country did Cavour visit in 1835 and what did he observe?
He had visited Britain in 1835 to observe the construction process of Stephenson
78
What did Cavour write and when and why?
1846 he wrote an article for a French magazine Revue Nouvelle, which attempted to persuade Charles Albert of railway benefits
79
What Port was modernised?
The Port of Genoa was modernised
80
What did Piedmont build in 1855?
Piedmont built Italy’s first steam ship “The Sicilia” in Genoa
81
When was the first steam ship in Italy built
1855
82
Where did Cavour visit in 1833 and what sparked his interest?
Visited London and Paris in 1833 and his interest was sparked by Britain’s industrial growth in banking and railways
83
What did Cavour set up in 1846?
He helped set up the Bank of Turin becoming one of its first 10 directors
84
When did Cavour set up the Bank of Turin?
1846
85
What did Cavour found when Charles Albert introduced press censorship?
Il Risorgimento
86
What type of politician was Cavour?
Non-revolutionary, liberal politician
87
What % did trade increase by under Cavour’s leadership?
300%
88
Why did Cavour want unification
To allow for trade and railroad construction
89
What was Cavour the minister of?
Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, Navy and finance
90
What did the Austrians want to do between 1815 and 1848 and who led them?
The Austrians, led by Metternich, wanted to stamp out all nationalism
91
What did Austria do during and after the 1848-49 Revolutions
They had crushed Piedmont in 1848-49 and had reasserted control by late 1849
92
Why did Austria decline?
Economic challenges from Prussia
93
What challenged Austria’s dominance of the German Confederation?
Growth of the Prussian dominated Zollverein, an economic free trade arrangement
94
What did Austria try to establish and why did it fail?
Tried to establish a Southern confederation but most Southern states such as Silesia had already joined the Zollverein
95
When did Cavour get involved with the Crimean War?
1854
96
What did Cavour get involved with in 1854?
The Crimean War
97
Whose idea was it for Italy to get involved with Crimea
. Masterstroke of Cavour
. Others believes it came from the British and French who thought that Austria would be more likely to send troops to the Crimea if they were assured that Piedmont wouldn’t attack from the rear
98
Who did Britain and France declare war on in 1854?
Russia
99
When did Britain and FRance declare war on Russia?
1854
100
What was Austria’s stance on the Crimean War?
Neutral
101
Why was Russia angry with Austria during Crimea?
Austria signed a Four Points Agreement with Gb and France forcing Russia to the negotiate
102
What did GB and France ask for as the war dragged into 1855?
Asked Piedmont for reinforcements
103
When did Cavour join the Crimean war?
Cavour joined war in January 1855
104
How many Piedmontese troops were in the Crimean war?
18,000
105
Due to Piedmont’s help in the war what were they allowed?
To attend the Peace Treaty at the end
106
What was Piedmont’s contribution to the Crimean war?
Limited
107
How many did Piedmont officially claim die vs how many actually died and from what?
Despite official claims of 2000 deaths only 30 died of wounds, the rest from cholera
108
What and when caused Russia to sue for peace?
In December 1855 Austria threatened to enter the war on the side of the allies
109
What and when was the treaty which ended the war?
February to April 1856 - Peace Treaty in Paris
110
Were Piedmont’s unification desires discussed?
Neither Britain or France would upset Austria by discussing Piedmont’s desires in Northern Italy
111
How did France and Britain feel towards Piedmont after Crimea
The French and British were grateful to Piedmont and “owed them one”.
112
Who did Cavour meet with at the Congress of Paris and what did they discuss?
Cavour met with Lord Clarendon and only talked about Italian unification
113
How did Britain feel about the Piedmont situation and what would they do?
. Britain will defend Piedmont if Austria invade but not start a war to keep balance of powers
. British were sympathetic but it was not top of political agenda
114
What was Piedmont’s foreign policy like?
Anti-Austrian
