booklet 2 pt 1 Flashcards
(29 cards)
What are the 4 types of experiments?
Outline them?
Controlled=Researcher directly manipulates the IV in a controlled environment.
Field=Researcher directly manipulates the IV within a realistic background
Natural=Researcher CANNOT directly manipulate the IV as it’s NATURALLY occuring
Quasi=IV is based on PRE-EXISTING differences between people and cannot be changed e.g. sex, age
Why are experiments commonly used by psychologists?
Experiments allow them to show cause and effect between the IV and DV.
What is the difference between mundane realism and ecological validity?
( ___ mirrors everyday life)
Mundane realism=task
Ecological validity=setting/environment
What 6 things should you avoid using in order to make a good questionnaire?
-Jardon (using technical terms others may not understand e.g. validity)
-Emotive language
-Leading questions (suggests certain answer)
-*Double-barrelled questions (2 topics in one)
-Double negatives (e.g. he did it, didn’t he)
-Ambigious questions (open to interpretation)
What 2 additional things should a good questionnaire include?
-Questions cover all options
-Respects confidentiality
What are the 3 types of interviews?
-Structured interviews
-Unstructured interviews
-Semi-structured interviews
Explain a structured interview
What type of data does it use?
-Questions are decided in advance
-Questions are asked in the same order for each interviewee
-Quantitative
Explain an unstructured interview
What type of data does it use?
-Conducted like a conversation
-Little is decided in advance
-Qualitative
Explain semi-structured interviews
What type of data does it use?
-Questions are decided in advance
-Questions are asked in the same order for each interviewee
-Interviewer can DEVIATE from original questions
-Quantitative and qualitative
What are 3 limitations of questionnaires? Give examples
What do these decrease?
-Social desirability bias=not being truthful to present yourself in a better light e.g. how often do you give to charity.
-Response bias=answering all questions in a SIMILAR way, not reading properly e.g. putting all 5/5 in questionnaire.
-Acquiescence bias=AGREEING with things e.g. just putting ‘yes’ in a survey>questionnaire is now measuring tendency.
ALL OF THESE DECREASE VALIDITY
What are 3 strengths of questionnaires?
-Anonymity: questionnaires are usually annonymous>likely to answer honestly>valid.
-Large scale: questionnaires can be sent out to infanate people>easy to replicate>reliable.
-Do not require an interview presence or skill: unlike interviews=more time consuming and requires a trained interviewer>expensive.
What are interviewer effects? (3)
-Interviewee will be influenced by the presence of the interviewer.
-Giving responses they think are desired.
-Rather than sharing their honest opinions.
What are the 2 question types?
What type of data does each of them give?
Explain
-Open questions:
Allow ppts to answer however they wish
Qualitative data
-Closed questions:
Restrict ppt to a pre-determined set of responses
Quantitative data
What are the 3 types of closed questions?
Briefly outline them with examples
-Checklist
ppts tick what applies to them
e.g. tick what qualification you hold
GCSES (box) ALEVELS (box) DEGREE (box)
-Likert response scale
ppts rate, on a scale, their views/opinions
e.g. agree, not sure, disagree
-Ranking scale
ppts place a list of items in their preferred order
e.g. rank (1=least)
What are 2 strengths and 1 weakness of open questions
S=less chance of researcher bias, especially true if the questionnaire is anonymous
S=rich in detail (qualitative)
W=higher chances for social desirability>lacks validity
What is 1 strength and 2 weaknesses of closed questions
S=easy to analyse (quantitative)>researcher can look for patterns and trends
W=researcher is unable to explore responses in a particular interest
W=response bias, ppt doesn’t take time to read all questions, lacks INTERNAL validity
What is an observation?
Researcher watching and recording behaviour of ppts.
What are the 6 types of observations?
Covert and overt.
Participant and non-participant.
Naturalistic and controlled.
What is the difference between covert and overt observations?
Give examples.
Covert=undercover observation without their knowledge
E.g. watching behind glass screen
Overt=open observation, ppts are aware
E.g. openly observing
What is the difference between participant vs non-participant observations?
Give examples.
Participant=conducter takes part in the activity being observed
E.g. going undercover
Non-participant=conducter doesn’t participate
E.g. observing
What is the difference between naturalistic and controlled observations?
Give examples.
Naturalistic=uncontrolled setting, observer doesn’t interfere
E.g. classroom
Controlled=strict conditions, EVs can be controlled>avoid intereference with behavior being observed
E.g. lab
What’s an evaluation point that goes for ALL types of observations? Explain
Observer bias=when the researcher only gives attention to behaviours they expect to see.
What’s a strength and weakness of naturalistic and controlled observations. (vv)
Naturalistic:
S=high ecological validity, more generalised to everyday life.
W=lack of control over extraneous variables, difficult to show cause and effect and detect patterns.
Controlled:
vv
What’s a strength and weakness of participant and non-participant observations. (vv)
Participant:
S=researcher gains greater insight as they are experiencing the same experiences the ppts do, increasing the validity
W=researcher may become too involved aka ‘going native’, findings are less objective
Non-participant:
vv
