Booklet 3 1931-1941 Flashcards
(42 cards)
Why did Japan invade China in 1931-1932
-They needed raw materials, wanted more land, wanted to regain power and China was a stepping stone to world domination. The Japanese also faced urban unemployment and agricultural depression as well as silk prices were dropping. Exports to the USA had been cut by 40% and they thought China was already dead.
How did chaing Kai-Shek put pressure on Japan 1931
They demanded an end to extraterritoriality and developed a new port facility in Manchuria. They also waged an economic boycott of Japanese imports.
What was the Mukden incident
In September, the Japanese set explosives on a stretch of railway by Mukden, near the largest barracks of the Chinese region. Skirmishes broke out between the Japanese and Chinese. Japanese officers followed up by ordering a full-scale attack on the Chinese barracks. The Japanese then ordered troops into Manchuria as a form of defence by the end of 1931 and Manchuria came under Japanese control.
What was chiang Kai sheks reaction to invasion of Manchuria
He transferred the 19th route army out of the region and down to Fujian as he didn’t trust his own commanders’ authority.
How were Japan able to invade Manchuria in 1931
-modern army
-more imperial forces
-Tanaka Memorial, a document urging that Japan should abandon the promise it had given in 1922 to leave alone China
-argued it was imperative for Japanese needs
-Marco polo bridge incident 1937
-chiang Kai shek refused to notice japan in Korea and invading Manchuria as he was more concerned with the CCP. “Disease of the heart and disease of the skin” it allowed Japan to invade without much push back from China
What was the reaction of foreigners/league of nations when Japan attacked Manchuria
-didn’t support China
-league of nations didn’t do anything
-there was economic depression in Europe after WW1 and so wouldn’t put money into China
-eventually LoN agreed that Japan has invalidly invaded Manchuria
-LoN said they didn’t acknowledge Japan’s government in Manchuria and Japan was at fault for the war
-treaty of tanggu
How did the conflict begin between Japan and China after the invasion of Manchuria
-Japan took Manchuria
-many Chinese were now under Japan’s control
-boycotts in Shanghai 1932
-anti Japanese feeling
-China wasn’t allowed to put soldiers in Bejing due to treaty of tanggu
-China lost land and weren’t happy about it
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What was the treaty of tanggu
-1932
-treaty recognised japans control in Manchuria
-Japan secured their interests in northern China
-Beijing was demilitarised
-Japan have influence in chinas ports in Shanghai
Why did Japan attach shanghai 1933
-Chinese boycotted Japanese goods and Japan wanted to attack back to punish
-Shanghai council declared a state of emergency so deployed troops for self defence
-Japanese marines were ordered ashore
-Japanese’s naval officer ordered the bombing of Shanghai, China withdraw troops from Shanghai
-may 5th china and Japan signed the Shanghai ceasefire agreement
Why did Japan invade China (2nd Sino Japanese war) and What was the Marco Polo grudge incident 1937
-japans recession 1929 resulted in them being poorer as less trade happened and so wanted entry to China
-mass poverty in Japan
-stop if economic activity as China avoided Japan goods
-Japanese soldier goes missing, the Japanese thought the Chinese took him so a fight breaks out.
This is classed as the start to the war unofficially
What were the long term causes of the second Sino Japanese war
-Japanese imperialism
-Chinese instability
-Improvements to China leads to the Japanese wanting to stop them.
-The great depression of 1929 leads Japan to needing more foreign influence.
-Manchuria incident
What were the medium term causes of the second Sino Japanese war
-The National Revolutionary Army reform provoked Japan to war
-The fifth encirclement campaign and the long march (CKS had defeated CCP The Xian incident (CKS kidnapped) and second united front 1936
-The league of nations failure
-The west refusing to intervene
-Half of government spending in Japan was on the military
-Chiang Kai-Shek national defence planning council wanted to modernise China and move vulnerable industries west.
-Xian incident (kidnapp of CKS to make GMD and CCP unite to attack Japan,2nd United front
-development of Japan
What were the short term causes of the second Sino Japanese war
-The Marco-Polo bridge incident
-Chiang pressing against Japan
-Japanese wanted to neutralise China
-Chiang asked the public if they wanted peace or war and the public voted for war.
-Japan wanting Asian dominance
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What were the main events of 2nd Sino Japanese war
- Marco Polo bridge incident- Japanese soldier goes missing, the Japanese thought the Chinese took him so a fight breaks out.
- Japanese soldiers attack Beijing and Tianjin as they push the Chinese over the bridge
- Shanghai gets attacked by the Chinese to counter the Japanese
- The rape of Nanjing- Shanghai gets smashed through and the soldiers move on to Nanjing. What follows is the mass killing and rape of the population.
- Canton and Guangzhou get taken by the Japanese, these were wealthy ports- 1938
- 100 regiment offensives in the 1940’s by the CCP attack the Japanese
- The three all’s campaign- The Japanese react to the CCP and the orders are to burn all, kill all and take all. 2.7 million civilians died
- Yan’an and CCP- In the middle of this, in 1941, Chiang Kai-Shek decides to attack the communists again rather than the Japanese.
- The new capital of China is moved to Chongqing from 1937-1945
What was the battle of Shanghai 1937
Battle of Chinese and Japanese in Shanghai. CKS bombed Shanghai Japanese area to try and draw Japan away from northern China and split their army up
-Purpose: To make the Japanese have to fight on two fronts, it slows the Japanese moving from North to South as they have to move East to West. China tries to get foreigners to help.
What were the 4 causes for the Japanese to invade China (essay factors)
-Japanese imperialism
-chinas improvements
-Great Depression
-Marco polo bridge incident
-failure of League of Nations
-increased Chinese nationalism
What was chinas preparation for the battle of shanghai
-Deployed the NRA
-Propaganda in China
-The Yangtze and Nanjing defence (The Chinese Hindenburg line)
-They got tanks and aircraft (120 aircraft)
-They had superior numbers to surprise the Japanese in Shanghai. 1.5m, 87th and 88th region had 80,000 best trained soldiers, more equipped, experienced.
-They had to deal with the refugee crisis (630,000)
-untrained army
-CCP and GMD joined together (2nd national front)
What was Japanese preparation for the battle of Shanghai
-3,000 naval troops to support
-32 vessels off the coast
-Strongholds made of concrete
-Tanks and anti-tank artillery
-1m troops
-92 machine guns
- 480,000 j dead
What was chinas attack in Shanghai
-they bombed Japanese area in Shanghai to draw away the Japanese from the north and split the army into 2
-They planned a surprise attack on the Japanese. The plan was an air attack on Japanese interests and they managed to hit a battleship however they lost the element of surprise.
-They also accidently bombed Nanjing road and killed thousands of civilians.
-On the ground they were stuck in a street by street battle and there was refugee chaos after.
What was Japanese response to the battle of Shanghai
-Naval and air bombardment of Chinese barracks defences and civilian areas.
-200,000 troops were deployed.
What was the result of the battle of Shanghai
-Three months of heavy fighting
-Chinese lost 187,000 troops and withdrew from Shanghai the retreat was poorly organised and the Hindenburg line fell in two weeks (final line of defense between Shanghai and Nanjing)
-The capital was moved to Chongqing and was now a national war
-It gains media and world attention and the nine-power treaty talk about Japan but do nothing.
-The USSR signed a non-aggression pact but sent aircraft and money to China prior to 1939 when the treaty was signed. They also froze Japanese banks in the US
-Tokyo then makes the decision to march on Nanjing
What was the rape of Nanjing
-The Japanese imperial army marched into the city and murdered 300,000 out of 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city.
-the Japanese wanted revenge. After defeating the Chinese in Shanghai, 50,000 Japanese soldiers marched towards Nanjing.
-Even though the Chinese soldiers outnumbered the Japanese, they were poorly led so the Japanese smashed into the city in December 1937 with orders to kill all captors.
-The Japanese viewed the 90,000 Chinese soldiers as less than human and unworthy of life because of their surrender.
-old women over 70 as well as girls under the age of 8 were dragged off to be sexually abused. Between 20,000 and 80,000 females were gang raped by Japanese soldiers. Pregnant women had their bellies slit open and the foetus’ torn out.
-Sometimes the Japanese forced Chinese men to rape their own daughters.
-The streets of Nanjing were said to have run red with blood
-Some were forced to dig their own graves.
-Heroin was distributed to civilians and 50,000 people became addicted to heroin.
-The rest of Europe was too interested in their own war so couldn’t help.
The impact of the second Sino Japanese war: civilians
-14 million died
-Shanghai was accidently bombed and had to be evacuated
-Chongqing was attacked via air raids
-The people had to eat bark and leaves. People were sold so people could eat
-flooding of the yellow river destroyed 4000 villages, 800,000 died of drowning or starving
-90 million refugees
-thousands suffocated in shelters
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The impact of the second Sino Japanese war: chiang Kai Shek and GMD
-Joined the CCP in the united front , first time they had stopped fighting and start of the power of CCP
-introduced conscription
-Raised grain tax and people starved 1938
-In 1943 Chiang Kai-Shek didn’t think China would last a year
-Moved the government to Chongqing
-Chinese defeated the Japanese in the battle for the Burma road.
-he caused the flooding of yellow river and homelessness
-he helped the economy but not the welfare of the people
