Booklet 3 - Nazi Experiment Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
When was the Wall Street Crash?
A
October 1929
2
Q
How many seats did the Nazis and Communists win in the September 1930?
A
107 Nazis
77 Communists
3
Q
When did Hitler become Chancellor?
A
30 January 1933
4
Q
Unemployment in Germany 1932
A
6 million unemployed in February.
By autumn the number of those unemployed or on short time outnumbered those on full time.
5
Q
What was the Enabling Act 1933?
A
Allowed the cabinet to pass legislation without confronting the Reichstag
6
Q
What was the Restoration of Professional Civil Service 1933?
A
Certain groups were forced to retire from civil services (communists, jews etc).
7
Q
What and when was the law against formation of new parties?
A
July 1933 - no parties allowed except the NSDAP
8
Q
Results of the November 1933 elections?
A
Nazis got 92% of the vote as all votes for non-Nazi parties were counted as ‘spoiled’.
9
Q
When was the Night of the Long Knives?
A
30th June - 2nd July 1933
10
Q
When was the Reichstag Fire?
A
27 February 1933
11
Q
What was the Knight of the Long Knives?
A
The purge of the SA leadership and other political opponents. Over 150 were murdered and hundreds more were arrested.
12
Q
Joseph Goebbels
A
Reich Minister for Propaganda and Police Enlightenment from 1933.
13
Q
Hermann Goering
A
Commander in Chief of German Air Force.
Director of the 4-year-plan.
14
Q
Rudolph Hess
A
Deputy Fuhrer (1933-45)
15
Q
Henrich Himmler
A
Reich Leader of the SS (1929-45).
Chief architect of the ‘final solution’ and principal overseer of the genocide programs.
16
Q
Reinhard Heydrich
A
Chaired the Wannsee Conference of January 1942 and he presented plans for the ‘final solution’
17
Q
Robert Ley
A
Head of the German Labour Front (DAF)
18
Q
Bernhard Rust
A
Reich Minister of Science, Education and Culture.
Was responsible for curriculum changes to immerse German youth in Nazi ideology.
19
Q
Hjalmar Schacht
A
President of the Reichsbank.
Minister of Economics.
20
Q
Baldur von Schirach
A
Head of Hitler Youth - responsible for all Nazi youth organisations.
21
Q
Albert Speer
A
Minister of Armaments and Munitions
22
Q
Julius Streicher
A
Founder of ‘Der Sturmer’ - anti-semitic newspaper used in Nazi propaganda.
23
Q
What was the Gestapo?
A
The Nazi secret police force - had the authority to investigate cases of treason, espionage, sabotage and criminal attacks on Nazi Party.
24
Q
What was the Basic Gestapo Law 1936?
A
Gave the Gestapo the authority to operate without judicial review, putting them above the law.
25
What was the SS?
Agency of security, mass surveillance and state terrorism within Germany. Was originally established as Hitler's personal bodyguard unit.
26
What was the SA?
Responsible for intimidating the Nazi's political opponents.
27
What was the SD?
Group tasked with the detection of actual or potential enemies of the Nazis. Gathered intelligence about Nazi enemies.
28
What was the RSHD?
The Reich Security Main Office - duty to fight all 'enemies of the Reich' and they controlled activities such as gathering intelligence, monitoring public opinion and Nazi indoctrination.
29
What were concentration camps?
A place where enemies of the Nazi state were concentrated and imprisoned. Inmates were exploited for their labour and kept under harsh conditions.
30
Communist Opposition to the Nazis pre-1939?
Underground networks (Red Orchestra)
Socialists in exile (SOPADE)
31
Protestant Opposition to the Nazis pre-1939?
Confessional Church ran by Martin Niemoller and Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Contained 3,000 pastors and focused on Church autonomy.
32
Catholic Opposition to the Nazis pre-1939?
Papal Encyclical 1937 condemned state interference in Church. Called Hitler a 'mad prophet' with 'repulsive arrogance'.
33
Youth Opposition to the Nazis pre-1939?
Edelweiss Pirates
Swing Youth
34
Edelweiss Pirates
Youth movement of anti-Nazis, who painted anti-Nazi slogans and beat up Nazi officials.
In 1944 Cologne Pirates killed Gestapo Chief.
Only around 2,000 members.
35
Swing Youth
Started in Hamburg 1939 - challenged Nazi ideals by growing out their hair and listening to swing music.
36
How many members did the Hitler Youth have?
8 million
37
Military Opposition to the Nazis pre-1939?
General Beck opposed Hitler's aggressive foreign policy and tried to persuade German General Staff to resign en masse. He resigned in August 1938.
38
When was the bomb plot against Hitler?
July 1944
39
How many opposition suspects killed after bomb plot?
5000
40
Definition of Volksgemeinschaft:
'people's community' or 'racial community'
41
Lebensraum definition:
'living space'
42
Fuhrerprinzip definition:
the basis of executive authority in the Government of the Nazis, the Fuhrer is above all written law.
43
How many seats did the Nazis win in July 1932?
230
44
When did Hitler become chancellor?
30 Jan 1933
45
When did Hindenburg die?
August 1934
46
How many times did Chancellor Bruning use Article 48?
109 times
47
Why is Bruning significant in relation to the Nazi party?
Tried to ban the SA in 1932
48
Why is Von Papen significant in relation to the rise of the Nazis?
- lifted the SA ban as chancellor
- helped convince Hindenburg to make Hitler the chancellor with him as his vice-chancellor
49
Why was Schleicher significant in relation to the Nazis?
Wanted an alliance with the Nazis - opened negotiations with Strasser which backfired when Strasser was kicked out of the party in 1932
50
Why was Strasser significant?
- was in charge of the Nazi’s national organisational work
- was offered a role of vice-chancellor by Schleicher in 1932 and thus Hitler forced him to resign from the party
51
Why was Goering significant it Hitler’s rise to power?
- oversaw the creation of the Gestapo
- secured the passage of the enabling act
52
Why was the Night of the Long Knives significant?
- demonstrated Hitler’s ruthlessness and ability to remove political opposition
- showed Hitler’s ability to manipulate the party and turn them against each other
53
What was the Law Against the Formation of new Parties and when was it passed?
Banned all parties other than the Nazi Party
July 1933
54
How much of the vote did the Nazis win in November 1933 and why?
92% - all votes that weren’t Nazi counted as ‘spoiled’
55
Joachim von Robbintrop
Chief negotiator of the treaties with which Germany entered WWII
56
What was the Pope’s reaction to Hitler in 1937?
Issued a message called ‘with Burning Concern’ which was read in every church - called Hitler a ‘mad prophet with repulsive arrogance’
57
What was the Confessional Church?
An oppositional church to the Reich Church - set up by Martin Nielmoller and other Protestant pastors
58
July Bomb Plot
July 1944 - group of army officers tried to assassinate Hitler with a bomb in a suitcase at a military conference
59
What happened at the Wannsee Conference 1942?
They discussed the ‘final solution to the Jewish question’
60
What was decided at the Yalta Conference and when was it?
February 1945
- agreed on temporary military occupation of Germany
- planned to create 4 occupation zones and a joint control council
- four D’s were agreed on
- USSR would help USA defeat Japan
61
What were the four Ds?
Demilitarisation
Decentralisation
Denazification
Democratisation
62
What were the disagreements during the Yalta Conference?
- disputes over the German/Poland border (Stalin wanted to move westwards)
- Stalin wanted a neutral and disarmed united Germany whereas the US wanted a democratic state with an economy that could develop as a trading partner
63
What were the aims of the Yalta Conference?
- to shape peace
- create self-sufficiency and collective security
64
What was decided at Potsdam and when was it?
August 1945
- agreed that all occupying powers would take reparations from their zone
- reaffirmed decision to implement 4 Ds
- decided borders of Poland (70,000 square miles given to USSR)
65
When did Hitler commit suicide?
30th April 1945
66
When was Bizonia formed?
Jan 1947
67
When was Trizonia formed?
June 1948
68
When was the New currency introduced in West Germany?
20th June 1948
69
What was the ‘Democratic Bloc’ in East Germany?
Only 4 parties allowed in East Germany and they had to work together
70
What was Keenan’s Long Telegram?
Feb 1946 - George Keenan asked to write a summary of what the Soviets were up to and their intentions in Eastern Europe: claimed that USSR believed they were at war with capitalism
71
What was the Truman Doctrine?
March 1947 - President Truman’s famous speech to Congress where he mentioned containing communism and preventing soviet expansion
72
What was the Marshall Plan and when was it started?
April 1948 - Secretary of State George Marshall called for large sums of money to be used to promote European recovery - Soviet satellite states were ordered not to accept it
73
When did the ‘Basic Law’ come into force in West Germany?
23 May 1949
74
When was the GDR established?
October 1949
75
How many Germans were dead or MIA by 1945?
3-5 million
76
What was the Allies first attempt at Denazification?
Sought out suspects via a questionnaire
77
What were the causes of the Berlin Blockade?
- announcement of Truman Doctrine
- announcement of Marshall Plan
- introduction of new currency in western zone
78
What was the West’s response to the Berlin Blockade?
An airlift (over 277,000 flights)
Flew in water, fuel, food etc
At the height of the blockade April 1949 an allied aircraft was landing every minute
79
What compromise was made at the Potsdam conference?
USSR was permitted to 10-15% of industrial equipment in Western zones in exchange for agricultural products from the Soviet zone
80
How many suspects did the USA identify during their denazification program?
3.5m
81
How did Bruning deal with the economy?
- responsible for ending reparations
- cut government spending
- cut salaries of public workers and decreased unemployment benefits
- protected agriculture with gov subsides
82
How did von Papen deal with the economy?
- emergency decree Sep 1932: tax rebates granted to employers that took on new staff, end of compulsory arbitration and relaxation of the system of wage agreements
- 3m one time payment to France
83
How did Schleicher deal with the economy?
- programme of public works, price fixing, restoration of wage and cuts to win over the trade unions
84
Role of Schacht in the economy?
- President of the Reichsbank
- Minister of economics
- New plan 1934: increased gov regulation of imports, developed trade with less developed countries and Southwest Europe
85
Role of Goering in the economy?
- Director of the 4-year-plan: development of self-sufficiency
86
What was the 4-year plan?
Aimed to make Germany self-sufficient before the outbreak of war.
Included the development of the chemical industry, synthetic fuel, steelworks and heavy machinery.
87
What was the role of Fritz Todt in the economy?
- founder of Organisation Todt 1938: military-engineering organisation that supplied German industry with forced labour (800,000 labourers in WWII)
88
What was the role of the Central Planning Board?
Organised the allocation of raw materials and ensured a larger proportion went into armaments.
- increased industrial capacity
- organised distribution of labour, machinery and power supplies
89
What was the Law to Reduce Unemployment - June 1933?
Increased gov spending on public work schemes, subsides for private construction, income tax rebates and loans to encourage industrial activity.
90
How much motorway was constructed in 1933?
7000 km
91
What was the Reich Food Estate?
Laid down guaranteed prices for farm produce and high tariffs were put on many imports.
92
What was the DAF?
German Labour Front: national labour organisation of the Nazi party (replaced trade unions in Germany).
93
What was the aim of the DAF?
- to replace trade unions
- to keep people too busy to take part in anti-state activism by providing compulsory activities
94
What was the RAD?
Reich Labour Service: was the official state labour service set up in 1933 to provide paid work for the unemployed
95
What was the aim of the RAD?
Intended to educate the German youth in the spirit of National Socialism and in the true concept of work.
96
What development of the RAD happened in 1935?
All men aged between 18-25 had to serve 6 months in the RAD before their military service
97
What was Strength Through Joy?
A subset of the DAF which provided Germans with access to privileged leisure activities such as cruises and ownership of cars.
98
What was the aim of Strength Through Joy?
By raising living standards the government hope that the opinion of Nazism would improve
99
What was the Level-of-Industry Plan?
Plan agreed by the allied powers in the Western zone in March 1946
- Germany’s standard of living should be kept to its 1932 level and should not exceed any other European country
- industrial capacity should be reduced to 50% of its 1938 level
- armaments and war-related industries should be banned
100
Examples of economic policy in Soviet occupied Germany?
- extensive reparations at the start (3 times as much as agreed at Potsdam)
- private banks replaced by a centralised state banking system
- nationalisation of mines, factories and businesses
101
How many were on welfare support following the Great Depression?
17million
102
Was the 4-year-plan successful?
No - by the outbreak of war Germany still imported 1/3 of its raw materials
103
What is Wehrwirtschaft?
Policy of defence economy - developing military defences, armaments and war-related industries
104
Improvements for working class under the Nazis:
- strength through joy gave them increased leisure opportunities
- DAF ran training courses and offered perks
- increased feeling of ‘National community’
- RAD provided work for unemployed
105
Negative impacts of Nazism on the working class:
- trade unions banned with the creation of the DAF
- wages were held down to finance rearmament
- RAD only got a basic living allowance
106
Improvements for women under the Nazis:
- maternity benefits increased and allowances for independent children raised
- ‘Honour Cross of German Motherhood’ introduced in 1939
- Law for the Reduction of Unemployment offered loans to women who gave up work
107
Negative impacts of Nazism on women?
- birth control centres closed and abortion made illegal
- couples needed a certificate of ‘fitness to marry’ from 1939
- marriages which were ‘unproductive’ could be ended from 1938
- from 1934 all married women had to leave careers in the civil service, law and medicine
108
Changes for the youth under the Nazis:
- Reich Education Ministry ensured all schools followed a Nazi curriculum
- Teachers were controlled through the NSLB from 1929
- membership of Hitler Youth became compulsory from 1936
- separate youth groups for boys and girls (boys trained for war and girls for motherhood)
109
What was the Nazi curriculum?
- Science taught social Darwinism and was banned from teaching ‘Jewish’ theses such as Einstein’s theory of relativity
- History emphasised German glory
- Eugenics was taught so that children learnt the superiority of the Aryan race
110
How many teachers belonged to the NSLB?
95% by 1937
111
Changes to religion under the Nazis?
- catholic youth groups closed down in 1939
- religious eduction no longer compulsory from 1935
- Protestant Reich Church established in May 1933 (embraced Nazism)
- many catholic priests and confessional pastors sent to camps
- Carols and nativities banned in schools in 1938
112
What was the German Faith Movement and was it successful?
Nazi movement to establish a new faith - encouraged Germans to abandon churches.
Never gained more than 200,000 supporters so unsuccessful.
113
How did the Nazis treat those with hereditary diseases of disabilities?
- could be forcibly sterilised as to not pass on the disease/disability from 1933
- in Sep 1939 the euthanasia programme was set up for the disabled (children up to 16)
- euthanasia was practiced on 72,000 adults in 6 mental health hospitals
114
How did the Nazis treat the Jews prior to the ‘final solution’?
- boycotting of Jewish shops/businesses 1933
- the Law for Restoration of a Professional Civil Service saw the dismissal of Jewish civil servants in 1933
- Nuremberg Laws 1935 banned marriage between Jews and Germans and deprived Jews of their citizenship
- Kritilnacht Nov 1938 saw a series of attacks on Jews
- Ghettos created in Eastern Europe
115
How were the Roma and Sinti population treated by the Nazis?
- had to be registered form 1938
- from 1940 they were sent to Polish camps
- 500,000 murdered in Europe
116
How was radio used as a propaganda technique by the Nazis?
- from 1939 foreign radio was banned
- radios called ‘people’s receivers’ were sold very cheaply to spread the Nazi message
- radio placed in public places such as cafes and town squares so people could hear the Nazi message at all times
117
How were the Olympics used as a propaganda technique by the Nazis?
1936 Olympics used to showcase the superiority of the Aryan race and the success of the Nazi regime
118
When was the book burning and what was it?
May 1933 - symbolic destroying of ‘un-German’ works regardless of artistic of academic merit
119
How was Art controlled under the Nazis?
- modernistic paintings were removed from art galleries or displayed as ‘degenerate art’
- over 6,500 works of art removed across Germany
- encouraged ‘Aryan’ art which showed the physical and military power of the Third Reich
120
When did the Nazis claim full employment and was it true?
1938 - no because they left groups out of unemployment statistics such as Jews and women
121
What was the motherhood cross?
A reward given to mothers of multiple children
- bronze or 4
- silver for 6
- gold for 8 or more
122
What was the Law for the Encouragment of Marriage in June 1933?
Gave newlyweds a loan of 1000 marks and they were allowed to keep 250 marks for every child they had
123
How much of the workforce was women by 1945?
60%
124
What was the League of German Maidens?
The girls wing of the Nazi youth movement - taught skills such as cooking, needlework and how to be a good mother.
125
What was the Lebensborn Programme?
1936 - prescribed that every SS member should have 4 children
126
Who was Bishop Ludwig Muller?
A leading member of pro-Nazi ‘German Christians’ faith movement.
127
Who was Jakob Wilhelm Hauer?
Founder of the German Faith movement
128
How many young people were in the Hitler Youth by 1938?
77% of those 10-18
