Booklet 4 : History Of Health

Question 1

Who did St Mary’s Hospital send to study infections in wounded soldiers during WWI?

Answer 1

Alexander Fleming

Question 2

What germ caused septicaemia infections?

Answer 2

Staphylococci

Question 3

How did Fleming discover penicillin in 1928?

Answer 3

By chance. Mould formed in one of his petri dishes whicle he was on holiday. It had killed the germ inside.

Question 4

What test did Fleming fail to do which would have proved useful?

Answer 4

He failed to inject penicillin into the blood stream.

Question 5

Who developed the work of Fleming?

Answer 5

Florey and Chain who started to experiment on mice and humans in 1941.

Question 6

Who did Florey and Chain first experiment on?

Answer 6

A policeman who had an infection from a rose. After initial improvement he died as there wasn’t enough antobiotic available.

Question 7

How did war affect penicillin?

Answer 7

War sped up production due to large injury rates.

Question 8

Describe penicillin use during World War Two?

Answer 8

In 1943 1,000 soldiers were helped but by 1945 250,000

Question 9

What percentage of soldiers would have died without penicillin during WWII?

Answer 9

15 percent

Question 10

How did the government help with penicillin production after WWII?

Answer 10

There was a huge sponsored programme to produce the wonder drug and it was used to treat diseases such as bronchitis wounds, abscesses and tonsillitis.

Question 11

Name three other antibiotics produced after penicillin?

Answer 11

Streptomycin for treating TB, Tetracyline for skin infections and Mitomycin used against cancer.

Question 12

Which drug for sleeping resulted in the birth of babies with porly formed limbs?

Answer 12

Thalidomide

Question 13

Name two antibiotic resistant superbugs?

Answer 13

MRSA and Norovirus

Question 14

When was the first open heart surgery performed?

Answer 14

1950

Question 15

When was the first open heart surgery performed?

Answer 15

1950

Question 16

When was the first kidney transplant in the UK?

Answer 16

1960

Question 17

When was the first hip replacement performed in Britain?

Answer 17

1972

Question 18

When were MRI scans first used?

Answer 18

1987

Question 19

When was the first full face transplant?

Answer 19

2008

Question 20

List 4 examples of alternative medicine.

Answer 20

Hydrotherapy, aromatheraphy, hypnotherapy, acupuncture

Question 21

During World War One, what did CCS stand for?

Answer 21

Casualty Clearing Stations

Question 22

List 4 technological improvements in medicine during World War One?

Answer 22

Mobile xray units, blood transfusions, skin grafts, the Thomas splint

Question 23

How many men suffered from shell shock during World War One?

Answer 23

80,000

Question 24

Who developed the talking cure for shellshock?

Answer 24

William Rivers

Question 25

Who developed new techniques in skin grafts?

Answer 25

Harold Gillies

Question 26

In what year were different blood groups discovered?

Answer 26

1901

Question 27

When anticoagulant was added to blood and how long would it last?

Answer 27

28 days

Question 28

During World War Two, how many blood doners were used?

Answer 28

700,000

Question 29

What was known as the Spanish Lady?

Answer 29

The influenza pandemic 1918 to 1919

Question 30

How many people died in the flu pandemic 1918 to 1919?

Answer 30

20-40 million (mostly 20-40 year olds)

Question 31

How many people died from the 1918 flu pandemic in the UK?

Answer 31

280,000

Question 32

What was the name of the world’s first test tube baby?

Answer 32

Louise Brown

Question 33

What type of surgery allows you to rejoin nerves and blood vessels?

Answer 33

Micro surgery

Question 34

In what year was DNA discovered?

Answer 34

1953

Question 35

What scans allow surgeons to see inside the body?

Answer 35

CAT scans and MRI scans

Question 36

Which war highlighted the poor health British workers?

Answer 36

Boer War

Question 37

Name two social investigators who highlighted the problems of poverty?

Answer 37

Rowntree and Booth

Question 38

Which political party was elected in 1906 promising social reform?

Answer 38

Liberal Party

Question 39

What reform did the Liberals introduce to improve children’s health?

Answer 39

Free School Meals 1906, School medical inspections 1907, Children’s Act 1908 and School Clinics 1912

Question 40

Which Liberal reform helped sick workers avoid starvation?

Answer 40

National Insurance Act Part 1 1911

Question 41

Which Liberal reform helped the elderly?

Answer 41

Pensions Act 1909

Question 42

Who wrote a report about the state of Britain during World War Two?

Answer 42

Sir William Beveridge 1942

Question 43

How many copies of the Beveridge Report were sold in the first month?

Answer 43

100,000

Question 44

What did Beveridge say were the 5 giants of poverty?

Answer 44

Disease, want or need, ignorance, idleness and squalor or poor living conditions

Question 45

When was the National Health Service or NHS set up?

Answer 45

4th July, 1948

Question 46

How many new towns were built by 1948 and how many council homes build per year?

Answer 46

12 new towns and 280,000 council homes per year

Question 47

Before the NHS, how many people had never seen a doctor?

Answer 47

8 million

Question 48

How has life expectancy changed for men and women since 1948?

Answer 48

Women from 66 to 83 and men from 64 to 79

Question 49

When were charges first introduced for the NHS?

Answer 49

1952 charges for glasses introduced, prescriptions cost 1 shilling and dental treatment cost 1 pound

Question 50

In December 1952, how many people were affected by the killer smog?

Answer 50

12,000 people died and 100,000 were taken ill

Question 51

When did the government pass the Clean Air Acts?

Answer 51

1956 and 1968 which tried to reduce the number of coal fires

Question 52

When was smoking in public places banned and smoking in cars with a child passenger?

Answer 52

2007 public places and 2015 in cars with a child passenger

Question 53

By 2014, how many people had died from AIDS?

Answer 53

40 million

Question 54

How many in people in Britain currently have AIDS?

Answer 54

100,000

Question 55

Why was smallpox so feared by the public?

Answer 55

Left people blind and scarred

Question 56

What did people think caused smallpox?

Answer 56

miasma

Question 57

What practice/idea did Lady Mary Montagu bring back from a holiday in Istanbul in 1792?

Answer 57

innoculation

Question 58

Who invented vaccination?

Answer 58

Edward Jenner

Question 59

What two word French term best sums up government attitudes in 19th Century?

Answer 59

Laissez faire

Question 60

What did Louis Pasteur prove?

Answer 60

Germ Theory

Question 61

When did Louis Pasteur publish his theory?

Answer 61

1861

Question 62

Who developed the idea of 'magic bullets'?

Answer 62

Paul Ehrlich

Question 63

Give 2 reasons why rapid urbanisation caused disease?

Answer 63

poor housing, cellar living,overcrowding, no access to clean water, no sewage systems

Question 64

When was the first cholera epidemic in Britain?

Answer 64

1831-32

Question 65

Who published a Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population in 1842?

Answer 65

Edwin Chadwick

Question 66

Why was the first Public Health Act not good enough?

Answer 66

Because it was note enforced/compulsory

Question 67

When was the first Public Health Act passed?

Answer 67

1848

Question 68

When was the second Public Health Act passed?

Answer 68

1875

Question 69

How did Florence Nightingale help the medical profession?

Answer 69

By improving the hygiene in hospitals and making nursing professional

Question 70

What body was set up in 1858 to oversee the medical profession as a result of scandals?

Answer 70

General Medical Council

Question 71

What does the word anaesthetic mean?

Answer 71

Pain relief

Question 72

Why did some surgeons believe that pain relief was not necessary during operations?

Answer 72

They wanted the patients appreciate the work that the surgeon did/religious arguments

Question 73

What did James Simpson try out on his friends?

Answer 73

Chloroform

Question 74

What was the problem with nitrous oxide?

Answer 74

Difficult to get the dose right

Question 75

Why did the invention of anaesthetics cause more people to die on the operating table?

Answer 75

Because surgeons did more risky operations going deep into the body which increased the risk of infection

Question 76

What acid did Joseph Lister use in the operating room?

Answer 76

Carbolic

Question 77

How did John Snow prove his theories about the spread of cholera?

Answer 77

Mapped the location of each death in his area, worked out that the water pump in Broad Street was the cause

Question 78

How did John Snow prevent further cholera deaths in his area?

Answer 78

Persuaded the authorities to remove the handle of the pump so no water could be drawn

Question 79

Give 2 reasons why public health was difficult to achieve in the earlier 19th Century?

Answer 79

Because people didn't want to pay higher taxes, because the government didn't want to get involved, because people believed that it was each person's responsibility

Question 80

Why was the second Public Health Act better than the first?

Answer 80

local council were forced to provide clean water, appoint medical officers of health and sanitary inspectors, cover sewers, keep sewers in good condition, collect rubbish, provide street lighting

Question 81

What was the 'Great Stink'?

Answer 81

Dry weather combined with raw sewage created unbearable smell in London