Bot Med II Final Phenolics

Question 1

secondary metabolite

Answer 1

organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism.

Question 2

Simple phenolic structure

Answer 2

aromatic benzene ring with alternate single double bonds with an OH group
smaller

Question 3

phenolic propterties

Answer 3

• anti-inflammatory
• ring with alternate single double bonds
• stabilization within ring
• stabilizes free radicals
• contributes colors to berries, flowers

Question 4

tannin properties

Answer 4

• draw edema
• tighten surfaces
• astringent
• use for open wounds, edema, infection, varicose veins, hemorrhoids, leaky gut

Question 5

tannin structure

Answer 5

ester linkages to central glucose molecule

Question 6

examples of tannins

Answer 6

geraniin (geranium)
quercus (oak)
hamammelis virginiana (which hazel)
cinnamomum

Question 7

Coumarins and Furanocoumarins properties

Answer 7

• components of essential oils
• aromatic
• volatile

Question 8

fresh cut grass scent

Answer 8

coumarin

Question 9

anthroquinones and antroquinone glycosides

Answer 9

irritant laxative

Question 10

furanocoumarins

Answer 10

photosensitizing effect

grapefruit juice effect

Question 11

examples of coumarins and furanocoumarins

Answer 11

coumarins:
archangelicin
umbelliferone
furanocoumarins:
bergapten
psoralen

Question 12

Chromones and Furanochromones

Answer 12

• derivative of benzo-y-pyrone

Question 13

Anthraquinone properties

Answer 13

pigments
plant based laxatives
purgatives
many occur as glycosides

Question 14

lignan prperties

Answer 14

phenolic comounds (flax lignans)
change into phytoestrogen by action of gut flora

Question 15

lignan structure

Answer 15

phenol compounds put together head to head or head to tail

Question 16

stilbenes

Answer 16

phenolic with antioxidant capacity
resveatrol
cardioprotective

Question 17

flavanoid

Answer 17

colorful

Question 18

examples of flavones

Answer 18

chrysin (in passaflora)
apigenin (in petrosilinum)
luteolin (in cynara)

Question 19

flavanoid structure

Answer 19

3 aromatic rings (two phenolic and one heterocyclic)

Question 20

flavonol structure and examples

Answer 20

double bonded oxygen

- quercitin, kaempherol

Question 21

flavonol structure and examples

Answer 21

OH group

Question 22

which are volatile?

Answer 22

simple phenolics
comourins
furanocoumarins
*low molecular weight

Question 23

definition of a glycoside

Answer 23

molecule with a sugar attached

Question 24

glycone

Answer 24

sugar moiety of phenolic glycoside

Question 25

aglycone

Answer 25

phenolic portion of phenolic glycosides

Question 26

anthroquinone

Answer 26

irritant laxative

Question 27

isoflavones examples

Answer 27

genestein, red clover, kudzu

Question 28

what type of molecule is vitex?

Answer 28

flavone glycoside

Question 29

anthocyanidins

Answer 29

``` pH depenedent colorful pigments carry charge blue flower - cyanidin - peonidin - petunidin ```

Question 30

anthocyanins

Answer 30

glycosides | anthocyanidins with a sugar moiety

Question 31

proanthocyanidins

Answer 31

condensed tannins astringent in grapes, pine bark, hawthorn, apples, cocoa polymers of flavanoid units

Question 32

why do phenolic compounds have antioxidant properties

Answer 32

they have conjugated double bonds and resonance stabilization

Question 33

which classes of phenolic compounds act as phytoestrogens?

Answer 33

lignans | isoflavones (soy)

Question 34

monoterpene

Answer 34

10 carbons

Question 35

sesquiterpene

Answer 35

15 carbons

Question 36

diterpene

Answer 36

20 carbons

Question 37

triterpene

Answer 37

30 carbons

Question 38

tetraterpene

Answer 38

40 carbons

Question 39

which terpenes are volatile?

Answer 39

mono and sesqui | they are solids

Question 40

resin

Answer 40

matrix of diterpenes, triterpenes, and volatile constituents | - terpenes pull essential oil within matrix for protection from injury.

Question 41

amphipathic

Answer 41

hydrophobic and hydrophilic heads so can emulsify or grab oil and water on different ends

Question 42

What are saponins

Answer 42

amphipathic and can emulsify a solution

Question 43

basic properties of an alkaloid

Answer 43

alkaline contain nitrogen terpene alkaloid

Question 44

how do we classify chemical substances?

Answer 44

based on structure, not their effects on the body

Question 45

polysaccharides

Answer 45

musilages soothing gooey *marshmellow root