botanical Flashcards
0
Q
The Latin name for bulb is bulbus. What is the abbreviation?
A
Bulb.
1
Q
The Latin name for berries is baccae. What is the abbreviation?
A
Bacc.
2
Q
The Latin name for bark is cortex. What is the abbreviation?
A
Cort.
3
Q
The Latin name for flower is flores. What is the abbreviation?
A
Flor.
4
Q
The Latin name for leaf is folium. What is the abbreviation?
A
Fol.
5
Q
The Latin name for fruit is fructus. What is the abbreviation?
A
Fruct.
6
Q
The Latin name for whole herb is herbs. What is the abbreviation?
A
Herb.
7
Q
The Latin name for lichen is lichen. What is the abbreviation?
A
Lich.
8
Q
The Latin name for root is radix. What is the abbreviation?
A
Rad.
9
Q
The Latin name for rhizome is rhizoma. What is the abbreviation?
A
Rhiz.
10
Q
The Latin name for seeds is semina. What is the abbreviation?
A
Sem.
11
Q
The Latin name for cones is strobili. What is the abbreviation?
A
Strob.
12
Q
Give the abbreviation:
Quaque (every)
A
q
13
Q
Give the abbreviation:
Ante/i (before)
A
a
14
Q
Give the abbreviation:
post (after)
A
p.
15
Q
Give the abbreviation:
Cum (with)
A
c
16
Q
Give the abbreviation:
Intra (within)
A
i
17
Q
Give the abbreviation:
Sine (without)
A
s
18
Q
Give the abbreviation:
Per so (by mouth)
A
po
19
Q
Give the abbreviation:
Cibus (food)
A
c
20
Q
Give the abbreviation:
Ante cibus (before meals)
A
ac
21
Q
Give the abbreviation:
Post cibus (after meals)
A
of
22
Q
Give the abbreviation:
Cum cibus (with meals)
A
cc
23
Q
Give the abbreviation:
Intra cibus (between meals)
A
ic
24
Give the abbreviation:
Per rectum (by rectum)
pr
25
Give the abbreviation:
Quaque die (1x/day)
qd
26
Give the abbreviation:
Bis in die (2x/day)
bid
27
Give the abbreviation:
Ter in die (3x/day)
tid
28
Give the abbreviation:
Quarter in die (4x/day)
qid
29
Give the abbreviation:
Ointment
ung
30
A teaspoon (tsp) has how many mL?
4-5mL
31
A tablespoon (tbsp) has how many mL?
15mL
32
Give the abbreviation:
Drops
ggt
33
Give the abbreviation:
Add enough
as
34
Give the abbreviation:
Add enough water to make
qsad
35
What does the volume of a drop depend on?
It depends on the amount of water...more water gives bigger drops (15/mL of water) - the more alcohol the smaller the drops.
36
# Translate:
Take 1 tbsp po qd sc
Take 15mL by mouth, once a day without food.
37
# Translate:
2 tsp qsad 50 mL po cc
18-20 mL add enough water to make 50mL by mouth with food.
38
# Translate:
15 gtt po qid ic
15 drops (gtt vs ggt?) by mouth 4 times a day between meals.
39
# Translate:
1 tsp po bid 20 minutes
4-5mL by mouth twice a day 20 minutes.
40
Is it better to use cultivated plants or "wild-crafted" plants?
It's better to use cultivated plants when possible for a variety of reasons.
41
What are four things to keep in mind when gathering plants form the wild?
1. Chose healthy plant communities
2. Rotate locations each year/harvest season
3. Know the right times to harvest
4. Avoid threatened/endangered plants
42
When using fresh herbs to make preparations what must you keep in mind, and why?
Fresh herbs need relatively more herb to solvent and higher percentage ethanol because fresh herbs contain a more water than dried herbs.
43
How much more water do fresh leaves have compared to dried?
About 90% more.
44
How much more water do fresh roots have compared to dried?
Roughly up to 50%.
45
Fresh herbs contain more water and they may contain higher amounts of what else?
May contain higher amounts of certain types of constituents such as essential oils.
46
When drying herbs, give five things to keep in mind.
1. Herbs should be hung or spread out with little overlap.
2. Area must be well ventilated.
3. Warm area but avoid excess heat.
4. Avoid sunlight.
5. Large roots will dry faster if cut into smaller pieces
47
Give four conditions that are optimal for storing dried herbs.
1. Air tight containers to avoid insects, bacteria and fungi
2. Must be kept dry (control humidity)
3. Avoid contact with air & UV light
4. Temperature: <15•C
48
How long will dried leave and flowers keep if stored properly?
About 1 year.
49
How long will dried roots, bark and/seeds keep, if stored properly?
About 3-5 years.
50
There are nine methods herbal constituents can be extracted. What are they?
1. Cold fusion
2. Hot fusion
3. Decoction
4. Tincture
5. Fluid extracts
6. Solid extracts
7. Essential oil
8. Fixed oil
9. Oil fusion
51
What six things does solubility depend on?
1. Polarity of solvent and solute
2. Temperature
3. Pressure
4. Surface area (root vs powder)
5. Acidity
6. Size if solvent
52
What are four common solvents used in herbal medicine? And what is their polarity?
1. Water - polar
2. Glycerol - polar & non-polar
3. Ethanol - polar & non-polar
4. Oils and fats 1 non-polar
53
What can be used to increase the solubility of Alkaloids in polar solvents?
Vinegar can be used for this.
54
What is cold water fusion?
An aqueous extraction designed to target mucilage and minimize the extraction of other compounds.
55
How is cold water fusion performed?
Add cold water to the root
Let preparation sit for
•3-15 minutes for powder
•overnight for cut or while roots
56
What part of the plant is used in cold water fusion?
The whole/cut root or root powder.
57
What is cold water fusion used to extract?
Used to extract mucilage.
58
What are two disadvantages/cautions of cold water fusion?
It is a poor solvent extraction excel for mucilage and patients may not appreciate the taste or consistency.
59
What is hot water fusion?
An aqueous extraction used primarily for leaves and flowers or powdered bark and roots.
60
What are the steps to hot water fusion?
Place 1-6 g (1-2 tsp) of herb in a cup
Add 1 cup of hot water
Cover (if high in essential oils)
Allow to steep for 5-15 minutes
61
What part of the plants are use in hot water fusions?
Mainly aerial parts:
•flowers
•berries
•leaves
62
What are four advantages of hot water fusions?
1. Very inexpensive
2. Good patient compliance
3. Good extraction of polar compounds
4. Poorer for phenolic compounds
63
What are hot water fusions used to extract (in order)?
Carbohydrates>>glycosides>>polyphenolics & alkaloids.
64
What are three disadvantages and cautions of hot water fusions?
Less suitable for roots and barks.
Not suitable for large terpenoids, resins and waxes.
Patients may not appreciate the taste
65
What can be said about essential oils and hot water fusion?
Essential oils are not water soluble, but they can still be extracted in this way.
66
What are decoctions?
An aqueous extraction used primarily for woody parts.
67
How are decoctions performed?
Add dried herb to a pot and fill with water.
Bring pot to boil and then simmer for a period of time (10 minutes to several hours).
Sometimes the liquid is collected and then rinsed and the process repeated.
68
What parts of the plant are used in decoctions?
Mainly woody parts
•roots
•rhizome
•bark
69
What are four advantages of decoctions?
1. Very inexpensive
2. The prolonged boiling helps to liberate the desired compounds form fibrous material
3. Good extraction for polar compounds
4. Good for some phenolic compounds
70
What are five disadvantages/cautions to decoctions?
1. Volatile oils will evaporate away with prolonged boiling
2. Less suitable for terpenoids, resins and waxes
3. More labour intensive than teas
4. Smell can be offensive
5. Patients may not appreciate the taste
71
What can be said about saponins and decoctions?
Saponins may help increase the absorption of fat soluble compounds.
72
What are tinctures?
Uses a solvent that is polar and partially non-polar, typically in a 1:4 or 1:5 ratio (herb:solvent).
73
What is the process of making tinctures?
* Add 1 part herb to 4-5 part solvent (20-80% ethanol) to ensure herb is covered to make the "macerate"
* seal in air tight jars
* store in dark location for 3-4 weeks
* shake periodically
* filter and squeeze the macerate
* collect and store the filtrate (i.e. tincture)
74
What are four advantages to tinctures?
1. Better than aqueous and oil extracts for phenolics
2. Involves relatively low level of processing
3. Requires no preparation by patient
4. Longer shelf life than dry herbs
75
What are three disadvantages/cautions for tinctures?
1. No ideal for alcoholics and children (but you can boil off ethanol)
2. Alcohol is very costly
3. Patient may not appreciate taste
76
For a 1:4 tincture how many grams of herbs is required for 1000ml of alcohol?
250g of herb is required.
77
For a 1:5 tincture how many grams of herbs is required for 1000ml of alcohol?
200g of herb is required.
78
What are glycerates?
They are the same as tincture, except with glycerol, which is also polar and non-polar solvent.
79
What are five advantages to glycerates?
1. No alcohol (good for alcoholics, children & certain religions)
2. Better extraction than water because glycerates are both polar and non-polar
3. Involves relatively low level of processing
4. No preparation by patient
5. Glycerates tastes sweet and are less harsh than alcohol extracts
80
What are two disadvantages/cautions for glycerates?
More expensive than ethanol & believed to be an inferior solvent compared to ethanol.
81
What is the typical ratio of herbs to alcohol in fluid extracts?
1:1 or 1:2 (herbs:solvents)
82
How is higher concentration achieved in fluid extracts?
The solvent is passed through large amounts of herbs
83
What is the process for making fluid extracts?
* add 1 part solvent to a column packed with herbs
* allow solvent to trickle through the column and collect the liquid at the bottom
* the collected liquid may be cycled through several times to ensure it is saturated
* sometimes the extract may be heated to remove some of the solvent to concentrate it further
84
What are 5 advantages of fluid extracts?
1. Alcohol is bother polar and no polar
2. Requires no preparation by patient
3. Patient is required to take a smaller volume of extract
4. Requires less alcohol
5. Can be stored much longer than dry herbs
85
What are 5 disadvantages/cautions?
1. More effort required to make the extraction compared to tinctures
2. Requires 2-4 times as much herb (more waste)
3. More expensive than tinctures (but less required)
4. Heat or vacuum can damage or remove some desired compounds
5. Patients may not appreciate the taste
86
Do the dosage of fluid extracts and tinctures increase linearly or non-linearly with increases potency?
Nonlinearly
87
A solid extract is a viscous solid material with a concentration ratio of what?
4:1 or greater of herb to solvent
88
How are solid extracts prepared?
The herb is extracted with a solvent then the solvent is partially or fully removed using low heat under a vacuum.
89
What are 4 advantages of solid extracts?
1. Highly concentrated
2. Requires no preparation by patient
3. Expensive solvents (e.g. Ethanol) can be recovered
4. Can be encapsulated
90
What are 4 disadvantages/cautions of solid extracts?
1. More processing compared to tinctures and fluid extracts
2. More expensive than liquid extracts (but less required)
3. Heat or vacuum used to concentrate the extract could effect the end product
4. Heat or vacuum can damage or remove some desired compounds
91
What are standardized extracts?
They are liquid or solid extracts that are analyzed for a particular constituent and the levels are adjusted to ensure it contains a certain amount
92
What are three advantages of standardized extracts?
1. They ensure he extract contain the active ingredient
2. More accepted when performing clinical trials
3. Easier to dose pills that are standardized
93
What are 4 disadvantages/cautions of standardized extracts?
1. Process costs money
2. May not reflect traditional extraction process (whole herb vs drug)
3. May be standardized tho the wrong compound
4. May not contain all the synergistic compounds
94
What are characterized extracts?
They are extracts made in a traditional fashion but are measured to ensure the levels of the active ingredient are correct while maintaining the relative proportions if constituents that naturally occur.
95
What are essential oils? And by what method are they obtained?
They are volatile oils obtained by steam distillation
96
What is the process of collecting essential oils?
Place the herbs in a proper distillation set-up.
Pass steam through the herbs and collect the volatile components in a "trap".
Separate the polar and nonpolar compounds.
97
What are 3 advantages of essential oils?
1. Used topically or internally (with caution)
2. Often added to topical preparations
3. Can be inhaled
98
What are 3 disadvantages/cautions of essential oils?
1. Can be irritating when applied undiluted
2. Small amounts (5mL) internally can be toxic
3. Expensive
99
What are fixed oils?
They are vegetable oils consisting primarily of long chain fatty acid chains attached to glycerol backbones.
100
How are fixed oils obtained?
* fruits, nuts and seeds are pressed
* low heat is sometimes used to facilitate the process
* the fixed oil decanted form the aqueous phase
101
What is one advantage of fixed oils?
They can be used as a solvent for infused oils
102
What is a disadvantage/caution for fixed oils?
Rancidity occurs in presence of oxygen an UV light
103
What is oil infusion?
A nonpolar extraction using fixed oil
104
What's the process of obtaining oil infusions?
* pack herbs into a container (avoid air space)
* add fixed oil until all the herb is submerged
* seal in airtight container
* store in dark warm place for several weeks
* shake periodically
105
What at 4 advantages of oil infusion?
1. Extracts nonpolar compounds
2. Relatively inexpensive to make
3. Can be used internally or externally
4. Can be used as a base to make topical preparations (e.g. Salves, balms)
106
What are two disadvantages/cautions of oil infusion?
1. Requires more extraction time than water infusions, decoctions and tinctures
2. Does not extract polar compounds
107
What are 6 topical preparations?
1. Poultice
2. Fomentation
3. Liniments (balm)
4. Creams
5. Lotion
6. Ointments and salves
108
What part of the plants are used I. Topical preparations?
Any part, but bark and roots must be ground.
109
What is poultice?
Direct application of hero to the akin, either as a powder mixed with liquid or the herb itself
110
What is the process of making poultice?
* frag herb is crushed and cut into smaller pieces to increase surface area
* powdered dry herbs are rehydrated with warn water
* herb is usually wrapped in cloth
* cloth and herb is applied to affected body part
111
What are three advantages of poultice?
1. Heat increases the circulation to the area
2. Certain substances (e.g. Mucilage) can be used to draw out fluid
3. Inexpensive
112
What are two disadvantages/cautions to poultice?
1. Requires preparation by patient
| 2. Can be messy and inconvenient
113
What is a compress/fomentation?
A cloth soaked in liquid extract.
114
What's the process of compress/fomentation?
* Make infusion, decoction or dilute a tincture
* soak the cloth
* apply to affected area
115
What are two advantages of compresses/fomentation?
Inexpensive
| Can use herbs that are toxic internally
116
Why are two disadvantages/cautions of compresses/fomentation?
Caution with open wounds and toxic herbs.
| Requires some preparation by patient.
117
What are liniments?
Medicated oil (usually high in essential oils) that is applied topically with friction
118
What are three advantages of liniments?
1. Useful for sore muscle and joints
2. Easy to apply
3. Little preparation required by patient
119
What are three disadvantages/cautions of liniments?
1. Should only be applied to unbroken skin, an only for external use
2. Systematic absorption can occur with frequent application
3. Avoid contact with eyes
120
What are ointments, salves and/or unguents?
They are non-aqueous preparations that employ medicated oils and wax as a hardener
121
What's the process of making ointments, salves or unguents?
* heat infused oil in "double boiler"
* add wax to desired consistency
* essential oils can be added
122
What are three advantages to ointments, salves and/or unguents?
1. Helps create a protective barrier
2. Low risk of systematic absorption
3. Good for skin diseases, strains/sprains, arthritis
123
What are 3 disadvantages/cautions of ointments, salves and unguents?
1. Immiscible with skin secretions (doesn't penetrate deeply) therefore forming an occlusive or insulating layer
2. Doesn't penetrate as deep
3. Greasy and not good for cosmetic purposes
124
What are lotions and creams and which is thicker?
They are emulsions of water and oil (sometimes some wax)
| Creams are thicker than lotion.
125
What's the process of making lotions and creams?
* heat up the oil (can be infused)
* transfer contents to a blender and while blending, slowly add water (or tincture)
* essential oils can be added
126
What are two advantages to creams and lotions?
1. They mix well with skin secretions and allows for skin penetration
2. Good emollient (mosterizer)
127
What are two disadvantages/caution of lotions and creams?
1. Systematic absorption can occur with frequent application
| 2. Less protective than ointments
128
Why are baths beneficial?
They combine the benefits if hot water and properties of herbs.
129
What are witch hazel sitz baths for?
Hemorrhoids
130
What are cayenne foot baths good for?
They increase circulation and for colds and flus.
131
What are oatmeal baths good for?
Eczema and poison ivy
132
What are 2 advantages of baths?
1. Usually good compliance
| 2. Young children tolerate baths well
133
What are two disadvantages of baths?
Could dirty the bath tub
| May require lots of herbs to obtain the desired amount
134
What are 8 internal preparations?
1. Lozenges
2. Ear oils
3. Nose drops
4. Eyewash
5. Gargle
6. Suppositories
7. Enema
8. Steam inhalation
135
What are lozenges?
Tablets high in carbohydrate that dissolve slowly in the mouth to releas
136
When are lozenges typically used?
Used for sore throats, heartburn, colds and flus
137
What are five advantages of lozenges?
1. Excellent patient compliance
2. Provides symptomatic relief
3. Good localized affects
4. Useful when patients cannot swallow oral doses
5. Designed to release a constant therapeutic level/dose
138
What are two disadvantages/cautions?
Somewhat limited to respiratory and upper GI tract & useful for only some herbs.
139
What is ear oil?
Typically an oil infusion (sometimes glycerate) added to the ear.
140
When are ear oils typically used?
Used to treat ear infections or wax build up
141
What are the instructions for use of ear oils?
Add 3-5 drops of the infused oil to the ear canal & patient should lay on side so oil doesn't drain.
142
What are two advantages of ear oils?
They are very effective for ear conditions becaus
143
What is one disadvantage of ear oils?
Oils that are applied too hot can be irritating.
144
What is steam inhalation?
Vaporized essential oils and steam are inhaled into the lungs to treat respiratory tact infections.
145
How does one use steam inhalation?
* boil water and add 10-20 drops of essential oil
* lean over and cover head and bowl with towel to trap the steam
* close eyes and breath deeply
146
What is an advantage to steam inhalation?
It is an effective way of getting herbs directly into the lungs.
147
What are two disadvantages of steam inhalation?
May occasionally exacerbate asthma and it can irritate the eyes.
148
What are nasal drops?
Liquid extracts inserted in the bone.
149
What are three advantages of nasal drops?
1. Local action on sinus
2. Good compliance
3. Inexpensive
150
What is one disadvantages/caution to nasal drops?
Cab be irritating depending on extract (correct osmolarity)
151
What are douches and enemas?
Liquid extracts are injected into a body cavity (vaginal or rectal)
152
What are four advantages to douches/enemas?
1. Targets the mucous membranes of the rectum and vagina directly
2. Astringent compounds can be applied topically
153
What is a disadvantage/caution of douches/enemas?
Douching regularly is not recommended because it disrupts the flora and may increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory diseas
154
What is gargle...
Aqueous extract or liquid extract diluted in water and retained in the mouth or back of throat to treat local complaints (sore throat, tonsillitis)
155
Should a gargle extract be swallowed or spat out?
Either or depending on the herbs and condition
156
What are two advantages to gargles?
Good compliance & targets the mucous membranes of the throat and tonsils directly.
157
Eye drops & wash...define
Drops- sterile, isotonic, particle-free solutions for intraocular use
Wash- a 5-10 drops if tincture to 1/2 cup saline water and used to rinse the eye
158
What is an advantage to eye drops/washes?
Direct application to site of action, therefore very effective for infections
159
What are two disadvantages/cautions of eye drops/washes?
Must be careful with preparation to prevent irritation or infection & only certain herbs can be used safely.
