Botanicals & Nutritional Supplements

Question 1

Botanicals (Nutraceuticals / Phytochemicals)

Answer 1

substances obtained from plants and used in medicine or cosmetic products

Question 2

Dietary supplements

Answer 2

Products taken by mouth that contain a dietary ingredient

- Vitamins, minerals, a.acids, herbs or botanicals

Question 3

Complimentary Medicine

Answer 3

Any therapy that falls beyond the scope of conventional medicine but may be used alongside it to treat diseases

Question 4

Use of botanicals in North America

Answer 4

Botanicals were brought in by immigrants but the use declined due to efficacy. However there has been a steady inc. in the use as people believe botanicals are always safe.

MC complimentary therapies are non-vitamin, non-mineral natural products
- Fish oil, glucosamine, chondroitin & probiotics

Question 5

Source/ Active ingredient of Echinacea

Answer 5

Echinacea purpurea/ pallida/ angustifiolia

Question 6

Uses of Echinacea

Answer 6

• Immune stimulation

- Cold prevention

Question 7

Clinical effects & toxicities of Echinacea

Answer 7

• Allergic reactions

- Exacerbation of Autoimmune diseases

Question 8

MOA of Echinacea

Answer 8

• Inc phagocytosis

- Inc total circulating monocytes, neutrophils & NK cells

Question 9

Source/ Active ingredient of Garlic

Answer 9

Allium sativum

AI = Allicin

Question 10

Uses of Garlic

Answer 10

• Hyperlipidemia

- HTN

Question 11

Clinical effects & toxicities of Garlic

Answer 11

• Anticoagulation effects
• GI irritation
• Body odor

Question 12

MOA of Garlic

Answer 12

Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase (Allicin)

Question 13

Source or Active ingredient of Chondroitin Sulfate

Answer 13

Shark or bovine cartilage / Synthetic

Question 14

Uses of Chondroitin Sulfate

Answer 14

• Osteoarthritis

Question 15

Clinical effect & toxicities of Chondroitin Sulfate

Answer 15

• Anticoagulant activity

Question 16

MOA of Chondroitin Sulfate

Answer 16

Glycosaminoglycan found in human cartilage matrix

Structure similar to Heparin

Question 17

Source or active ingredient in Ginkgo Biloba

Answer 17

Extract of Gingko biloba plant

Question 18

Uses of Gingko Biloba

Answer 18

• Memory impairment
• Tinnitus
• Peripheral vascular disease

Question 19

Clinical effects & toxicities of Gingko Biloba

Answer 19

• GI irritation

- Antiplatelet effects

Question 20

MOA of Gingko Biloba

Answer 20

Enhance tissue perfusion by:

• Inc blood flow
• Dec blood viscosity
• Promote vasodilation

Question 21

Source or Active ingredient in Ginseng

Answer 21

• Panex ginseng

- Panex quinquefolium

Question 22

Uses of Ginseng

Answer 22

• Fatigue/ stress

- Immune stimulation

Question 23

Clinical effect & toxicities of Ginseng

Answer 23

• Dec glucose
• Inc cortisol
• Ginseng abuse power
• Nervousness
• Insomnia
• GI distress

Question 24

MOA of Ginseng

Answer 24

• In insulin resistance
• Inc ACh, 5HT, NE & DA in cerebral cortex
• Activate all leukocytes

Question 25

Source or Active ingredient in Glucosamine

Answer 25

Marine exoskeletons/ Synthetic

Question 26

Uses of Glucosamine

Answer 26

Osteoarthritis

Question 27

Clinical effect & toxicities of Glucosamine

Answer 27

Dec insulin production

Question 28

MOA of Glucosamine

Answer 28

Produce Amino-monosaccharides (normally synthesized by chondrocytes in articular cartilages as substrate for Glycosaminoglycan synthesis)