botany

Question 1

-organize microtubles
-not present in most plants, but present in the _____ gametes of __________ green algae, mosses, ______, cycads, ginkio

Answer 1

-Centrioles
-male
-freshwater
-ferns

Question 2

-provide ridgity

-important for non woody plants as it assists againts gravitattional forces

-comprised of celluose

• regulates growth ny facilitating the uptake of water, leading to tugor pressure, which helps cell expand while mainatining structure

Answer 2

Cell Wall

Question 3

-Between cell walls
-cell communication*
-channels that connect adjacent cells
-formed by extensions of plamsa membrane
-and are lined with cytoplasm(direct cytoplasmic connection between neighboring cells)

Answer 3

Plasmodesmata

Question 4

-covers 90% of cell usually
-stores water

Answer 4

central vaculoe

Question 5

organelles with double membranes ( via endosymbiosis; folding of plasma membrane)

Plastid

-conduct photosynthesis+ have chlorophyll
-stroma-where calvin cycle takes place

Answer 5

chloroplasts

Question 6

organelles with double membranes ( via endosymbiosis; folding of plasma membrane)

Plastid

-synthesize + storage pigments other than chlorophyll

-give fruits and flowers yellow, orange, and red colors

Answer 6

chromoplasts

Question 7

organelles with double membranes ( via endosymbiosis; folding of plasma membrane)

Plastid

-plastids w/o colors
-store starches, oils, and proteins

Answer 7

leucoplasts

Question 8

Leucoplasts

-synthesize storage strarches

Answer 8

amyloplasts

Question 9

Leucoplasts

-synthesize storage oils

Answer 9

Elaloplasts

Question 10

Leucoplasts

-synthesize storage some proteins

Answer 10

proteinoplast

Question 11

-site of aerobic respiration
-glucose and other molecules broken down into ATP

Answer 11

mitochondria

Question 12

Plant tissues

tissue systems
-outer covering

Answer 12

dermal tissue

Question 13

Plant tissues

tissue systems
-photosynthesis+stores photosynthetic products

Answer 13

ground tissue

Question 14

Plant tissues

tissue systems
-conduct water and solutes throughout the plant

Answer 14

vascular

Question 15

tissue systems

-epidermal cells( chloroplasts + cell walls)

-gaurd cells (surround stomata and contain chloroplasts
regulate gas exchange & control water loss via stomata

-trichomes
-cuticle

Answer 15

Dermal tissue

Question 16

-parenchyma cells-veratile, fuctional, storage
-chloroplasts, vacoules cell wall

chlorenchyma-photosynthesis
aerenchyma- gas storage& exhange; floating
storage

parenchyma- storage

collenchyma -flexibilty

schelernchyma(thicky)- rigid structure, protection
-sclerids, fibers (active when mature)

Answer 16

ground tissue

Question 17

tissue systems

xylem-transports water + dissolved minerals
-tracheids (thin+long)
-vessel elements (thick+short)

phloem- transport photsynthetic products
-sieve tube elements -transport sugars (lack nucleus )
-companion cells -help regulate sieve tube elements

Answer 17

vascular tissue

Question 18

Xylem
tracheids
-present in what?

Answer 18

both flowering and conifers

Question 19

Xylem
vessel elements
-present in what?

Answer 19

present in flowering, lacking in conifers

Question 20

Phloem
sieve tubes
-present in what?

Answer 20

present in flowering, lacking in conifers

Question 21

Phloem
sieve cells tubes
-present in what?

Answer 21

absecent in flowering, preseent in confifers

Question 22

2 types of roots

-single, thick primary coat that grows deep into the soil, with smaller lateral roots, branching off of it

-less effective at avoiding erosion

-large and able to penetrate deep into the soil

-common in dicots ( dandelions, oak tress)

Answer 22

taproots

Question 23

-many thin, similar seed roots that spread act herizontally often from base of stem

• no dom root

-grow near soil surface, effective at absorbing water

-helps oreven soil erosion

-common in monocots (ex:grasses, wheat cornn

Answer 23

fribrious roots

Question 24

roots that arise from nonroot tissue like stems or leaves, instead of the primary root system

Answer 24

adventitious roots

Question 25

-develop above the ground -arise from stems or branches, rather than primary root, emerge from nodes or internodes -velman important ( water uptake from layers of dead cells) -vary in thickness& lengt; appear slender+ flexible; may have hair roots -many use to anchor themseleves to nearby structures forstability and sunlight -some can help absorb moisture from air especially in humid environments -facilitate gas exhange, developing leniticels for respiration

Answer 25

aerial adventitious roots

Question 26

Bayan tree - produces roots that grow down fom branches, forming new trunks

Answer 26

aerial root example

Question 27

Orchids -ceratin roots allow them to thrive in their humid environments and variable nutrient availabilty -can abosorb from rain, humidity or even dew -oxygen in, co2 out via gas exchange

Answer 27

aerial root example

Question 28

Moracae ( fiscus) -grow on tree -may grow downward to additonal trunks

Answer 28

aerial root example

Question 29

Strangler fig - in tropical environments -send down roots to ground and form cage-like system that encase host tree

Answer 29

aerial root example

Question 30

-specific type of aerial root -aerenchyma important (help float) -develop in certrian plants; in certain plants; in waterlogged or swampy environments -roots adapted to facilitate gas exchange, allowing the plants to breathe in conditions where the soil is saturated with water and oxygen levels are low -typically slender, upright and grow vertically from the main root system & extend above the water or soil surface -spongy texture covered with lentials (gas exchange) -help maintain stability or wetland environments; water filtration and carbon storage

Answer 30

Pneumatophores

Question 31

Mangrove trees -Mangroves are survivors. -With their roots submerged in water, mangrove trees thrive in hot, muddy, salty conditions that would quickly kill most plants. -How do they do it? Through a series of impressive adaptations—including a filtration system that keeps out much of the salt and a complex root system that holds the mangrove upright in the shifting sediments where land and water meet

Answer 31

example of pneumatophores

Question 32

-support, conduction, storage photsynthesis, propagation -priamary and secondary growth

Answer 32

stems

Question 33

-epidermis -cortex (beneath epidermis; made of parenchyma cells) --vascular tissue (xylem + pholem) -pith(central part of stem; parenchyma cells) -meristematic tissue apical meristem - tips of stem roots for primary growth (lengthening) lateral meristem-vascular cambium ( secondary xylem + pholem) cork cambium - produces bark in secondary growth (thickening)

Answer 33

stem anatomy

Question 34

-vascular bundles scattered throughout; gives more uniform structure ( ex: corn , grass, lilies) - grow in height (primary growth) -pith is often large ; cortex is smaller/ less distinct -epidermis covered by large cuticle & stomata more abundant on surface; more flexible for height growth