Bovine

Question 1

What are the 6 nutrients bovine require?

Answer 1

Energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber, water

Question 2

What percentage of of health-related diseases in large animals can
be related to improper nutrition?

Answer 2

90%

Question 3

What factors effect nutrient requirements?

Answer 3

Breed, sex, age, size, stage and level of production

Question 4

If cattle have adequate feed, how many hours a day do they spend laying down to rest and ruminate?

Answer 4

9-12 hours

Question 5

In order of digestion what are the 4 parts of a cow’s stomach?

Answer 5

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

Question 6

How many days does it take for food to pass through a cow’s digestive tract?

Answer 6

1-3 depending on what they eat

Question 7

The reticulo-rumen contains what percentage of the total digestive tract capacity?

Answer 7

50%

Question 8

True or False - Digesta flows freely between the reticulum and rumen

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What are the two biggest populations of microbes in the rumen and reticulum and do they do?

Answer 9

Bacteria and protozoa - have the ability to digest many types of plant materials (ruminants can survive on grass and water alone)

Question 10

Where is most feed fermented?

Answer 10

Reticulo-rumen

Question 11

What does the term “chewing the cud” refer to?

Answer 11

When large food particles are regurgitated, chewed again and re-swallowed

Question 12

What do rumen bacteria digest?

Answer 12

Cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, sugar, organic acids, protein or fat

Question 13

pH plays an overall important roll in digestion, what pH level is ideal?

Answer 13

6

Question 14

Some bacteria produce what to synthesize vitamins?

Answer 14

Ammonia or methane

Question 15

The omasum contains what percentage of the digestive tract capacity?

Answer 15

6-8%

Question 16

What does the omasum resemble?

Answer 16

Folds of a book

Question 17

What happens in the omasum?

Answer 17

Water is reabsorbed from digesta and particle size further reduced

Question 18

The abomasum is referred to as the what?

Answer 18

True stomach

Question 19

What does the abomasum secrete?

Answer 19

Digestive enzymes that break feed down into proteins, vitamins, simple carbohydrates, fats and amino acids for absorption into the small intestine

Question 20

What are the energy requirements of a cow and which one is a main source?

Answer 20

CHO, fats, protein - CHO being the main source

Question 21

Where is fiber broken down?

Answer 21

In the rumen by microflora and volatile fatty acids

Question 22

True or False - Fats should be fed at low levels as microbes do not like high amounts

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or False - Protein is fed often as it is cost efficient

Answer 23

False - protein is not fed often due to the high cost

Question 24

True or False - Microbes are feed specific

Answer 24

True - Different bugs for different feed sources (abrupt feed changes can cause bloat)

Question 25

Why might we want to add fat to a cows diet?

Answer 25

Increase energy levels & palatability Decrease dustiness Improve hair coat Absorption of fat soluble vitamins

Question 26

Why do young ruminants require sufficient essential amino acids whereas mature ruminants require a supply of protein or nitrogen?

Answer 26

Mature animals can get the essential amino acids from the rumen microbes

Question 27

What are the 3 different types of feed sources?

Answer 27

Roughages or forages Legumes Grasses

Question 28

What are examples of roughages or forages?

Answer 28

Pasture, range plants, green-chop, silages, and dry forages like hay or chopped corn stalks

Question 29

What are some examples of legumes?

Answer 29

Alfalfa, red clover, sweet clover, white clover

Question 30

Roughages or forages in a concentrate can be fed in which two ways?

Answer 30

Carbonaceous, proteinaceous

Question 31

What is a carbonaceous feed?

Answer 31

Corn, oats, sorghum, barley, rye and wheat

Question 32

What is a proteinaceous feed?

Answer 32

Urea, biuret, phosphate, ammonium, sulfate, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal or safflower meal

Question 33

Green is for ______________ and yellow is for _______________

Answer 33

Food, bedding

Question 34

What 5 factors can we base our visual evaluation of hay quality on?

Answer 34

Maturity Texture, odor and condition Foreign material - weeds, dirt, dust, foreign material Leafiness - leaves contain highly digestible energy and 2/3 of protein found in hay Color -

Question 35

When assessing the maturity of hay quality, what things should you look for?

Answer 35

Alfalfa in vegetative (pre-bud) stage has highest nutritional value, increases palatability/ digestibility

Question 36

When assessing the texture, odor and condition of hay quality, what things should you look for?

Answer 36

Soft and pliable to touch, smell of newly mown hay, white or bluish powdery appearance and excessive dust may indicate mold

Question 37

When assessing for foreign material in hay, what things should you look for?

Answer 37

Weeds, wire, presence of dirt, dust and trash

Question 38

Why is leafiness of hay important?

Answer 38

Leaves contain highly digestible energy and at least 2/3 of the protein found in hay

Question 39

What does the color of hay indicate?

Answer 39

Bright green - proper curing, good palatability, rich in vitamins (carotene which is converted to vitamin A)

Question 40

What type of vitamins are cows able to make themselves?

Answer 40

Water-soluble

Question 41

What vitamins are of concern when it comes to supplementing in a cows diet?

Answer 41

A, D, E

Question 42

Within how many days does the destruction of fat soluble vitamins in cut feeds occur?

Answer 42

90

Question 43

Diets ___________ in grain or _____________ in green forages may be low in vitamin A

Answer 43

High, low

Question 44

Vitamin A deficiency causes what in cows?

Answer 44

Decreased fertility, bone development and feed efficiency as well as increased disease and illness

Question 45

True or False - Sun cured forages provides Vitamin D

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Vitamin D deficiency causes what?

Answer 46

Rickets, weak deformed calves, dead calves

Question 47

What vitamin has poor placental transfer but adequate levels in milk to provide the calf what it needs?

Answer 47

Vitamin E

Question 48

Low levels of vitamin E implicated with selenium can lead to what problems?

Answer 48

White muscle disease and reproductive issues causing cows to abort

Question 49

What are 3 ways we can supplement vitamin A, D and E?

Answer 49

Injections - 2x during the winter Free choice - variable intake Force feeding in grain and silage - Best way but must be fresh growing forages

Question 50

What provides vitamin K and where is it synthesized?

Answer 50

Green forage, synthesized by rumen bacteria

Question 51

What can cause a deficiency in vitamin K?

Answer 51

Consuming moldy sweet clover

Question 52

High grain diets may cause ____________ to be destroyed by rumen enzymes and production of analogs (water soluble vitamin)

Answer 52

Thiamin

Question 53

What are some sources of calcium?

Answer 53

Roughages, limestone, dicalcium phosphate, bone meal, oyster shell

Question 54

What does calcium help with?

Answer 54

Nerve transmission, clotting, digestion, biochemical reactions

Question 55

What are some sources of phosphorus?

Answer 55

Grain, canola meal, phosphoric acid, defluorinated rock

Question 56

What does phosphorus do?

Answer 56

Helps with biochemical reactions, energy production and is a component of bone and teeth

Question 57

What does salt do?

Answer 57

Maintains osmotic pressure Maintains acid/ base balance Nerve transmission Transport of amino acids HCl in stomach for digestion Activation of digestive enzymes Regulation of blood pH

Question 58

What are some sources of salt?

Answer 58

Salt blocks, loose salt