Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gastropathology - Large Animal > Bovine > Flashcards

Bovine Flashcards

(143 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Portions of ruminant GI PE (7)

A
  • external palpation of rumen fill, stratification
  • auscultation of rumen contractions
  • simultaneous auscultation/percussion (“pinging”) of abdomen bilaterally
  • rectal examination
  • tests for abdominal pain (grunt, withers pinch test)
  • thorough oral exam
  • observe for rumenation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are you evaluating in a rumen sample analysis?

A
  • pH
  • wet mount (population and motility of protozoa)
  • color
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 forms/categories of ruminant ‘indigestion’

A
  • simple
  • severe
  • lactic acidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CS of ‘simple’ indigestion (4)

A
  • depression
  • diminished appetite
  • decreased rumen contractions
  • rumen distension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CS of ‘severe’ indigestion (6)

A
  • sudden, dramatic change of attitude
  • decreased appetite
  • decreased milk production
  • recumbency
  • dehydration
  • complete rumen stasis w/ gas cap
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CS of lactic acidosis (8)

A
  • anorexia
  • dehydration
  • increased HR and RR
  • recumbency
  • complete GI stasis
  • bloat
  • semi-coma/coma
  • blindness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

characteristics of normal rumen contents (pH, color, odor)

A
  • pH 6.4-6.8
  • contents olive green
  • VFA odor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

characteristics of rumen contents during lactic acidosis (pH, color, odor)

A
  • pH 4.5-5.0
  • contents milky color
  • sour, fermented odor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lab data associated with lactic acidosis (4)

A
  • high anion gap acidosis
  • decreased Ca, Mg
  • hemoconcentration (? PCV and Hb)
  • CBC: neutropenia and toxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

treatment for simple/severe ruminant indigestion (5)

A
  • ruminotoric (laxatives as powder or bolus)
  • Ca
  • good quality forage
  • transfaunation (+/-)
  • thiamine until normal appetite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Treatment for lactic acidosis (6)

A
  • IV fluids (no bicarb)
  • rumenotomy
  • transfaunation
  • Ca, Mg
  • thiamine, NSAID
  • antibiotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Potential complications of indigestion/lactic acidosis (6)

A
  • fungal or bacterial rumenitis
  • rumen necrosis
  • peritonitis
  • hepatic abscess
  • vena cava thrombosis
  • laminitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

prevention of indigestion/lactic acidosis (2)

A
  • gradual introduction to cereal grains
  • high percentage of good quality roughage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_______ is a recurrent problem in individual animals on a high grain diet, defined as eructation or rumen outflow failure

A

free gas bloat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Free gas bloat is particularly common in __________ and in animals following ______________

A
  • calves <6 months
  • bronchopneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CS of free gas bloat (4)

A
  • marked abdominal distension
  • L sided ping
  • large gas cap on rumen
  • sudden death (1-5 hours after ingestion of offending feed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Necropsy findings for free gas bloat

A

bloat line: pale thoracic esophagus, congested cervical esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Free gas bloat treatment

A
  • pass a stomach tube (remove gas)
  • administer antacid-ruminotoric mixtures
  • avoid trocharization if possible (secondary peritonitis)
  • identify underlying problem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

An animal with marked abdominal distention but lacking a ping is probably suffering from __________

A

frothy bloat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Causes of frothy bloat

A

feeding of lush pasture, legumes (clover, alfalfa)

  • these are high in chloroplast membrane fragments and soluble protein, producing a stable foam that traps gas, blocks the cardia and prevets eructation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Treatment for frothy bloat (3)

A
  • administration of anti-foaming agents

(Poloxalene, dioctyl sodium succinate, vegetable oil)

  • oral fluids
  • Ca
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Traumatic reticulitis is more common during ________ and ___________

A
  • late pregnancy
  • partruition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why are cattle more prone to traumatic peritonitis?

A

they are indiscriminant eaters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

4 things that ingested items can do once they’ve collected in the reticulum

A
  • sit harmlessly
  • small perforation: local peritonitis
  • large perforation: generalized peritonitis
  • perforate reticular wall and diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
CS of acute TRP (6)
sudden drop in milk production - anorexia, lethargy - ↓ fecal output - fever - ↑HR, RR - cranial abdominal pain
26
2 signs of cranial abdominal pain (cow)
- positive grunt or withers pinch test - abducted elbows, arched stance
27
CS of TRP when chronic (4)
- weight loss - poor lactation - rough hair coat - vagal indigestion
28
Diagnosis of TRP (4)
- history, PE - lab data - abdominal US - reticular radiograph
29
Lab data associated with TRP (4)
- leukopenia (acute) - leukocytosis (chronic) - ↑ fibrinogen - ↑ globulin (chronic)
30
Treatment for TRP (4)
- stall confinement - administer magnet - broad spectrum antibiotics - symptomatic therapy (fluids, electrolytes, NSAIDs)
31
Prevention of TRP (2)
- prophylactic administration of magnets - environment (limit access to sharp pointy things)
32
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: syndrome characterized by disruption to the forestomach emptying
vagal indigestion
33
2 types of vagal indigestion
- failure of omasal transport - failure of abomasal emptying
34
predisposing factors for vagal indigestion (3)
- adhesions - TRP - irritation of the vagal nerve
35
CS of vagal indigestion (5)
- ↓ feed intake with normal water consumption - ↓ milk production - bradicardia - variable rumen sounds (↑ but ineffective contractions) - "papple" or L-shape from behind (rumen gas cap and ventral filling)
36
Diagnosis of Vagal indigestion
- history, PE - lab data - rumen analysis - ultrasound - radiography (TRP)
37
Lab data associated with vagal indigestion (2)
- normal (if omasal transit failure) - hypochloremic metabolic acidosis (abomasal transit disruption)
38
Differential diagnoses for Vagal indigestion (3)
- indigestion - bloat (gas or frothy) - other proximal GI disease (omasal or abomasal impaction, small intestinal obstruction)
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is usually reqquired to establish the underlying cause for vagal indigestion
exploratory laparotomy
40
Prognosis for vagal indigestion
extremely poor if associated with adhesion formation or neoplasia - pregnant animals often improve after calving
41
3 types of abomasal displacement
- simple L-sided displacement - simple R-sided displacement - R-sided displacement with volvulus
42
In LDA, the abomasum migrates from its normal position and lodges between the ______ and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, resulting in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- rumen - L abdominal wall - partial pyloric obstruction
43
LDA is most common in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
lactating dairy cattle in the first 3 months after calving
44
predisposing factors for LDA (4)
- diet - hypocalcemia - inherited predisposition - concurrent illness
45
CS of LDA (5)
- ↓ in milk production - L-sided ping - ↓ appetite - altered feces (volume and consistency) - distant rumen contractions
46
Diagnosis of LDA (3)
- history, signalment - L-sided ping - lab data
47
Lab data associated with LDA (5)
- ketosis - aciduria - +/- hypochloremic metabolic acidosis - hypokalemia - hypocalcemia
48
treatment of LDA (3)
- fluid therapy (typicaly oral, calcium, dextrose (IV) or propylene glycol (oral)) - surgical correction (R paralumbar omentopexy) - rolling (potential for recurrence; not commonly done)
49
Diagnosis of RDA
- R-sided ping - lab findings similar to LDA
50
Treatment of RDA
surgical correction: R flank omentopexy
51
Differential diagnoses for R-sided ping (4)
- RDA - abomasal volvulus - cecal dilatation/volvulus - gas in the: spiral colon, duodenum, rectum, uterus, rumen, peritoneum
52
A R-sided abomasal volvulus may follow a _____ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- RDA - rolling of an LDA
53
An abomasal volvulus can rotate either direction, but most commonly __________ (when viewed from behind), results in the pylorus ending up near the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- counterclockwise - reticulum
54
CS of abomasal volvulus (4)
- more dramatic than with simple displacement - lethargy - dehydration - ↑ HR and RR
55
Treatment of abomasal volvulus (3)
- R flank omentopexy - R paramedian abomasopexy - fluid resuscitation
56
Prognosis for abomasal volvulus
- \<50% after 24 h - \<5% after 48 h - inversely proportionate to HR and anion gap
57
the prognosis for abomasal volvulus varies inversely with ________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
HR and anion gap
58
Complications of abomasal volvulus (3)
- atony and failure of abomasal emptying - abomasal impaction - vagal indigestion
59
Abomasal ulceration is associated with (4)
- intensive rearing (calves, cows first 6 weeks after calving) - stress - concurrent disease - NSAID therapy
60
2 varieties of abomasal ulceration
perforated and non-perforated
61
Which type of abomasal ulcer is prone to bleed?
non-perforating
62
typically, _______ ulcers do notperforate and ______ ulcers do not bleed
- bleeding - perforating
63
CS of abomasal ulceration
* similar to TRP * anorexia * fever * rumen stasis * focal abdominal pain * bruxism * rapid deterioration if large perforation) * bleeding, non-perforating ulcers * dark, tarry feces * pale mucous membranes * rapid pulse * weakess * cool extremities
64
Diagnosis of abomasal ulceration
* history, PE * lab data * peritoneal tap * leukocytosis/leukopenia (peritonitis) * anemia * hypoproteinemia * US
65
Abomasal ulceration treatment (5)
- nhigh quality forage; no grain - stall confinement - antibiotics - ant-acid drugs - blood transfusion
66
Prognosis for abomasal ulceration
poor if perforated, good if bleeding but not perforated
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: an infectious cause of calf diarrhea that is a major cause of calf mortality
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
68
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most important E. coli toxin in calves because it is _______ and has \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- STa - heat stable - rapid onset
69
E. coli calf infections have an onset of \_\_\_-\_\_\_ d of age (up to _________ with mixed infections)
- 1-7 d - 3 weeks
70
CS of E. coli calf diarrhea
- mild to severe diarrhea - dehydration (if severe, dehydration and weakness can preceed diarrhea)
71
Lab data associated with ETEC (7)
- metabolic acidosis (HCO3- loss can be extreme) - ↓ Na - ↓ Cl - ↓ glucose - ↑K - CBC: hemoconcentration, leukopenia (+/-) - alkaline fecal pH
72
Diagnosis of ETEC (4)
- age - CS - Lab data - fecal isolation of E. coli with appropriate fimbrial antigens (rarely actually done)
73
Prevention of ETEC (4)
- clean environment - adequate colostral transfer - commercial bacterin to dry cows - monoclonal antibody product after birth
74
Calves
\<2 weeks
75
Severity of Rotavirus infection is greatest in animals \< _____ d of age
5d
76
Pathophysiology of Rotavirus infection
- SI only - localized to villous tips - enzyme deficiencies (lactase) - net secretion
77
CS of Rotavirus (5)
- lethargy - dehydration - ↓ appetite - low-grade fever - diarrhea
78
Diagnosis of Rotavirus (4)
- electron microscopy - ELISA - latex agglutination - fecal pH tends to be acidic (\<6.5)
79
prevention of Rotavirus (3)
- phenol-based disinfectant - vaccination of dry cows - ensure adequate passive transfer of immunoglobulin
80
Age range for calf Coronavirus infection
older calves, 7-21 d (range 1 to 90 days)
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a cause of diarrhea that affects both the SI and colon
Coronavirus
82
Pathology of Coronavirus
infects the epitelial cells of jejunal villi and causes villous blunting; crypt cells are spared
83
CS of Coronavirus (5)
- depression - reluctance to nurse - diarrhea usually severe and watery - dehydration - feces may contain clear mucus (signs typically last \>7 days)
84
Diagnosis of Coronavirus
- fecal tests (EM and ELISA) - FA test of tissues (shed by healthy adult cattle and calves)
85
Prevention of Coronavirus (4)
- environmental management - vaccination of dry cows - ensure adequate colostral transfer - commercial oral antibody products at birth
86
Infectious causes of calf diarrhea
- E. coli (ETEC) - Rotavirus - Coronavirus - Salmonella
87
Which areas of the GI tract are affected by Salmonellosis?
- distal SI - cecum - colon
88
Calves with diarrhea from ____ infection are often bacteremic
Salmonella
89
Potential complications of Salmonella in calves (4)
- synovitis - osteomyelitis - pneumonia - meningitis
90
Calf salmonellosis infection can occur as early as \_\_\_\_d, but usually \>\_\_\_\_\_d of age
- 4d - \>14d
91
CS of salmonellosis (2)
- fever - diarrhea (often bloody)
92
Lab data associated with Salmonellosis (4)
* WBCs * ↓ w/ L shift and toxicity if acute * ↑ if chronic * dehydration * hemoconcentration, azotemia * TP normal to ↓ * metabolic acidosis * ↓ Na, Cl
93
Salmonella diagnostics (2)
- blood culture - fecal culture
94
Necropsy findings associated with Salmonellosis
fibirnonecrotic or diphtheritic membranes in the distal SI, cecum, and/or colon
95
Prevention of Salmonellosis
Environmental hygeine (vaccines are of questionable value)
96
*Cryptosporidium parvum* typically affects calves of what age?
5-15 d, up to 30d
97
T/F *Cryptosporidium parvum* is host specific
F
98
Pathophysiology of *Cryptosporidium parvum*
villous atrophy, fusion, and crypt inflammation
99
CS for *Crypto* infection
typically mild, non-specific reduced feed intake dehydration often resolves spontaneously within 7 days
100
Diagnosis of *Crypto* infection
acid-fast staining of fresh feces
101
Attaching & effacing *E. coli* infection is seen in calves of what age?
variable (2d to 4 months)
102
Pathology of A&E E. coli
produces cytotoxins - significant intestinal damage - histological changes in the SI, cecum, colon
103
CS of A&E E. coli
- blood in the feces - malabsorption - maldigestion - protein loss
104
Coccidiosis typically affects calves of what age?
2-4 months range: 3 weeks to 18 months
105
CS of Coccidiosis
* mild signs * loose feces * dull haircoat * failure to thrive * Severe signs (less common) * bloody diarrhea * tenesmus * colic
106
Diagnosis of Coccidiosis
fecal flotation \>5,000 oocysts/g considered significant
107
Coccidiosis treatment (2)
Amprolium or sulfamethazine
108
Prevention of Coccidiosis (3)
- Monensin - Lasalocid - Amprolium
109
*Clostridium perfringens* typically infects calves of what age group?
\>14 days (up to 90d)
110
CS of *Clostridium perfringens* (4)
- abdominal distention and colic - lethargy, dehydration - diarrhea: usually low volume, often bloody - central neurological signs
111
Diagnosis of *C. perfringens* (3)
- CS - minimal acidosis - toxin identification
112
Treatment of *C. perfringens* (3)
- antibiotics (penicillin) - thiamine - anti-toxin
113
Prevention of *C. perfringens* infection
administer Type C and D toxoid prior to calving
114
a recumbent calf is likely to be \_\_-\_\_\_% dehydrated
12-15%
115
a weak calf is likely to be \_\_-\_\_\_% dehydrated
8-12%
116
a sick but ambulatory calf is likely to be \_\_-\_\_\_% dehydrated
5-8%
117
General therapies for recumbent/weak calves
* IV fluid therapy * Bicarb supplementation * IV hypertonic followed by oral fluids? * antibiotics? * milk withdrawal * only with severe cases and for less than 24h
118
General therapies for ambulatory calves
* oral fluid therapy * bicarb containing * energy source (glucose) * 4-6 L daily * interspersed with milk feeding * antibiotics?
119
T/F It is best to simply combine oral fluids with milk replacer for a sick but ambulatory calf
F Do not dilute milk/milk replacer, alternate feedings
120
Causes of sudden onset diarrhea (without oral lesions) in adult cattle (7)
- salmonellosis - winter dysentery - paratuberculosis - arsenic toxicosis - coccidiosis - parasitism - BVD (short clinical course)
121
Causes of sudden onset diarrhea (WITH oral lesions) in adult cattle (3)
- mucosal disease (BVD) - Rinderpest - Malignant catarrhal fever
122
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in adult cattle
Salmonella
123
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: strain of Salmonella that exhibits vertical transmission
*S. dublin*
124
*S. dublin* may localize to what tissues? (4)
- mammary gland - lung - uterus - fetus
125
CS of acute Salmonellosis in ADULT cattle (6)
- drop in milk production - fever - lethargy - ↓ feed intake - watery, fetid diarrhea (blood, mucus, fibrin casts) - abortion
126
It is primarily important to differentiate Salmonellosis (ADULT) from _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
BVDV winter dysentery
127
ADULT diagnosis of Salmonella (2)
- bacterial culture of feces (\>3 samples) - rectal biopsy
128
Treatment of ADULT salmonellosis (3)
- fluid therapy - NSAIDs - +/- antibiotics
129
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: explosive outbreaks of diarrhea in adult cattle between October and April
winter dysentery
130
What is the most likely cause of winter dysentery?
coronavirus
131
CS of Winter dysentery
- fever - acute, fetid, watery diarrhea (potential for severe blood loss in first time infections) - ↓ appetite, milk production
132
CS of Johne's Disease
- chronic, intermittent diarrhea (without blood) - ↓ milk production - weight loss - edema
133
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the causitive agent of Johne's disease
*Mycobacterium avium* subsp. *Paratuberculosis*
134
Johne's diagnosis: Herd
- environmental testing - ELISA on a subset of the population
135
Johne's diagnosis: individual w/ clinical signs
- antibody quantitative ELISA - fecal culture, PCR
136
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is used for Johne's diagnosis in small ruminants and ________ is used for camelids
- ELISA - fecal PCR
137
Control of Johne's
* herd biosecurity * buy from known MAP-negative sources * raise replacements instead of buying * manure control (including on crops) * enforce biosecurity for all, including visitors * test and cull infected animals
138
Prevention of new Johne's infections (on a known positive farm)
* maternity pen * remove calves within 10 minutes * clean cows and pens with adequate bedding * colostrum management * seronegative cows, not pooled, heat-treated * colostrum replacers * calf-rearing * separate from adults * milk replacer or pasteurized milk * avoid manure contamination * clean water sources
139
CS of BVD (6)
- viral diarrhea - reproductive syndrome - congenital deformities - immunosuppression - persistent infection - mucosal disease
140
CS of ACUTE Mucosal disease (BVD)
sudden onset, animals \>6 months old (infected *in utero* prior to d 150) - fever - lethargy - anorexia - ↑ HR, RR - profuse, watery diarrhea (can contain mucus, blood, fibrin) - shallow buccal erosions - rumen stasis, dehydration -
141
CS of CHRONIC Mucosal disease (6)
- recurrent diarrhea - chronic bloat - anorexia - lethargy - rough hair coat - chronic oral erosions
142
Potential causes of bloody diarrhea (4 calf, 3 adult)
* calf * Salmonellosis * A&E E. coli * coccidiosis * *Clostridium perfringens* * *​*Adult * Salmonella * Winter Dysentery * Acute Mucosal disease (BVD)
143
Adult Bovine TPR
- T 101-103 - HR: 60-90 bpm - RR: 15-25

Gastropathology - Large Animal (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions