Bovine Reproduction Flashcards
(38 cards)
Causes of teat lesions
What is the cause of proliferative teat lesions?
What diseases and viruses are reportable?
Proliferative teat lesions Pseudocowpox - parapox virus
Vesicular Stomatitis - Rhabdovirus
Ulcerations mouth, teats
Bluetongue & Herpes mammilitis also ulcerative lesions
What generally ASYMPTOMATIC disease and pathogen results in poor calving percentage?
Trichomoniasis, Trichomonas
-Rarely abortions
3-week old calf, DIARRHEA, anorexia, stiff neck and hyperesthesia. CFS tap performed, neutrophils mainly. Most likely diagnosis?
Ddx?
MENINGITIS
-CSF: elevated protein, neutrophilia.
Ddx
Listeriosis
-CSF: Monocytosis
Salt poisoning
-Does NOT alter CSF protein and WBC count by much
Beef cow pregnancy palpation, what is the most noticeable
30 days sign of gestation?
Chorioallantoic membrane slip
Mastitis problem & Secretions
- Serum -like secretions
- Thick pus + cow not so ill
- Gangrenous or systemic illness
- +/- systemic illness & arthritis in goats
- Coliform = systemic and hot/swollen udders
- Trueperella pyogenes
- Staph aureus
- Mycoplasma mycoides
Metritis - Dystocia signs
How many weeks after calving?
Ddx
-Brucella abortus
-Tritrichomonas foetus
-Fetid odor
-Watery, red-brown uterine discharge
-Rectal palpation reveals fluid filled uterus with moderate tone
-May have failure to pass placenta
within 2 weeks after calving
How many injections of PGF2a are giving to synchronize a dairy cow? How far apart? Why?
2 injections 11-14 days apart
To ensure that cows that had an immature, unresponsive corpus lutes during the first shot are synchronized on the second shot
Additionally those that were synchronized on the first shot now will have a mature and responsive CL in 11-14 days
5 days apart is not enough time for CL to mature enough to be responsive, so they won’t lyse
A bull bred a cow a few weeks ago, now pyometra. Most likely responsible agent?
Ddx?
Tritrichomonas foetus
-Commonly associated with post-coital pyometra
-Causes embryonic death (early)
Ddx
-Campylobacter, EARLY but no PYOMETRA
-Brucella LATE term abortions
-Leptospirosis MID-to-LATE gestation abortions No post-coital pyometras
Calf born with a twin has enlarged clitoris, abnormally small ant-genital distance. Diagnosis?
What is the key hormone secreted by the male?
Ddx/Distractors?
-Lupine
-Ponderosa pine needles
Freemartin
Hormone: AMH anti Mullein-inhibiting hormone
-Lupine: causes fetal arthrogryposis if ingested
-Ponderosa pine needles: abortions late term
What hormone would you use to induce abortion in a cow that has been undesirably bred within a week?
What is the source of the progesterone hormone?
<4 mts or on the last month = PGF2a
Corpus luteum, so destroying it would induce abortion
> 4mts: placenta is the contributor up to the last month
What about anywhere in between?
-PGF2a + Dexamethasone
Chorioallantoic membrane slip palpable when?
30-35 days
Amniotic vesicle: 55-60 days
Streptococcus agalactiae, staphylococcus aureus, mycoplasma, corynebacterium bovis. Which one is an obligate pathogen of the mammary gland Gram +?
What is a CAMP reaction?
Streptococcus agalactiae
-Subclinical mastitis
-May lead to high somatic cell count
-Dx CAMP reaction (S. aureus, S. agalactiae = lysed RBC and clearing on your culture plate)
How do you relieve clockwise uterine torsion on a cow?
Push the vagina while rolling the cow clockwise relieves the torsion
Which species is the carrier of Leptospira server Hardjo type Hardo-Bovis?
Cattle is the carrier
Tx: tetracycline and vaccinate
Pomona carriers: swine, opossums, skunks, raccoons.
Canicola: dogs, rats, swine, mice,
Bratislava: Horses
Grippotyphosa: squirrels, mice, muskrats.
Compare pyometra signs between a cow and a bitch
Cow
-Few overt signs
-Dx via transrectal palpation or ultrasound
-Localized to uterine lumen
Bitch
-PU/PD
-Inappetence
-High fever
-Diarrhea
Epizootic Bovine Abortion
Transmission
-Ground dwelling soft tick Ornothodoros coriaceus
-Arizona, California foothills
Prevention
-Keep pregnant heifers out of the foothills until they are 6 months pregnant
-Abortions occur 3-4 mts after exposure due to fetal lesions
-Raise non bred heifer in foothills to develop immunity
-Keep heifers that abort = immune
No commercially available vaccine
Mastitis: Serum-like secretions with clumps of fibrin, LPS endotoxin, udder swollen, hot, painful, and discolored.
Dx & Tx?
Coliform mastitis
Aggressive with IV fluids, NSAIDs, supportive nursing, antimicrobials BOTH intrammamary + systemic when severe.
Calcium if hypocalcemia, but SQ or oral to prevent cardiac arrest
What is an unusual feature of bovine reproductive physiology compared to ewe, doe, mare, sow?
Can the cow be sucessfully AI after ovulation? How many ooocytes does she ovulates?
only the cow ovulates after the end of estrus
The mare, ewe, doe/nanny are seasonal breeders.
All listed species have epithelia-chorial placenta
Yes, AI after Ok
1 oocyte produced
Pigs ovulate large numbers of oocytes
What is going on in the image? How long after parturition do uterine prolapses occur usually?
Tell me about vaginal and rectal prolapses
-Immediately or within hours after parturition. Tx: epidural, remove attached fetal membranes, clean, lubricate, replace to normal position, then OXYTOCIN and CALCIUM GLUCONATE for expelling fluids and prevent hypocalcemia. Antibiotics such as oxytetracycline if metritis
-Vaginal prolapse: during late gestation
-Rectal: straining or defecation associated
Crepitus felt upon palpation of the uterus. Most likely Dx?
Ddx?
Macerated fetus
Caused by degradation of the fetus = crepitus
Ddx
-Mummified fetus: but sterile and all fluids resorbed, hard tarry mass left
-Pyometra: uterus distended, pus and usually postpartum
-Post coital: consider Tritichomonas foetus
Do you perform frequent milking, anti-inflammatories and antibiotics with all types of mastitis? What do you recommend the farmer to do with Mycoplasma bovis mastitis?
NO
-CULL
Other mastitis Strep or Coliform
-Yes to tx
Cow pale and tachycardic 1 hour after dystocia calf pulled out and cow goes down? most likely cause?
UTerine tear
What organism is NOT zoonotic and shed in milk cow?
Listeria monocytogenes, campylobacter fetus spp venerealis, brucella abortus, mycobacterium avian spp paratuberculosis, salmonella dublin, Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacter fetus spp venerealis Not zoonotic
Risks factors for abortion & Signs
- Brucella abortus = severe inflammation including placentitis, retained placenta, metritis, lack of signs in younger animals/cows Last half of pregnancy abortions Calf pneumonia, autolysis
- IBR & Herpes virus = quickly kill fetus, severe inflammation throughout the fetus
- Listeria monocytogenes = fetus usually autolyzed, brain micro-abscesses present
- Neospora caninum = epidemic or enzootic patterns of abortion, typically earlier than 8 months and autolysis of tissues. Granulomas in the brain frequent. Necrosis of cotyledons fetal lesions including myocarditis, hepatitis, myositis and encephalitis.
- Tritrichomonas fetus: abortions in the first half of gestation, YES placentitis, and YES pneumonia in fetus absent
- Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis: early embryonic death
