Bovine reproduction, Zoonotic diseases & Parasites

Question 1

how often do cows and heifers come into heat

Answer 1

every 21 days

Question 2

what are the signs of heat

Answer 2

• increased vocalization
• mounting other cows
• being mounted by other cows and standing still
• increased clear mucus discharge from vulva

Question 3

what does blood on a cows tail mean

Answer 3

you missed a cycle of heat

Question 4

what is the gestation period of a cow

Answer 4

283 days

Question 5

how are dairy cattle bred

Answer 5

with artificial insemination

Question 6

how are beef cattle bred

Answer 6

natural service

Question 7

what happens if a heifer gives birth to mixed twins (a bull & heifer calf)

Answer 7

the heifer calf will be sterile (freemartin)

Question 8

how long prior to giving birth will a heifer be dried off (stopped milking)

Answer 8

60 days (must be at least 40 but 60 is iseal for milk production)

Question 9

what happens if a cow is not pregnant by 150-200 DIM

Answer 9

she will be culled

Question 10

in AI where is the semen deposited and with what

Answer 10

through the cervix into the uterus using an AI rod containing the semen straw

Question 11

Benefits of AI

Answer 11

• access to a lot of different genetics from different bulls
• selective breeding for certain good traits
• safer: lower risk of injury and disease transmission

Question 12

Downsides of AI

Answer 12

• increased cost
• need for timed breeding
• slightly lower fertility rates

Question 13

what is colostrum

Answer 13

the first milk from the mother that contains antibodies to protect calf from disease

Question 14

how much colostrum is ideal in the first 12 hors of life?

Answer 14

2-3L

Question 15

who raises the calf?

Answer 15

dairy- the farmer

beef- the dam (mother)

Question 16

what are the primary concerns of parasites

Answer 16

• transmission of parasites to other members of the herd

- poor productivity

Question 17

types of flies -4

Answer 17

house, face, stable, horn

Question 18

what type of fly does not bite

Answer 18

house fly

Question 19

where are fly eggs laid

Answer 19

manure and rotting veggie matter

Question 20

why are flies a problem

Answer 20

• can spread pink eye

- decrease in milk because of the time spent swatting and running away from them

Question 21

lice -2

Answer 21

• biting/chewing

- sucking

Question 22

what type of lice are easier to see and why

Answer 22

the sucking lice because they don’t move much and stay firmly attached

Question 23

where do cows lose hair and become itchy (as a result of lice)

Answer 23

topline of animal, from neck to tail

Question 24

effects of lice

Answer 24

• secondary skin infections

- decrease in milk production and growth rate

Question 25

what are mange mites?

Answer 25

- live in/ burrow into skin - only seen by microscope - ZOONOTIC

Question 26

What is the main type of mange mites in Canada

Answer 26

scarcoptic mange

Question 27

where are mites usually found?

Answer 27

head neck shoulders

Question 28

what do mange mites result in

Answer 28

- itchy and redness - scabbing - crusting - thickening of skin - hair loss

Question 29

what do warble infections result in?

Answer 29

- decreased milk production - decreased growth rates - damaged muscle and hide

Question 30

what are coccidia

Answer 30

- single celled organisms (protozoa)

Question 31

where do coccidia live and reproduce

Answer 31

large intestine

Question 32

symptoms of coccidia

Answer 32

- liquid diarrhea - decreased growth rates - weight loss

Question 33

where are coccidia eggs passed

Answer 33

in feces where they contaminate the pasture or feed

Question 34

what is cryptosporidia

Answer 34

a very infectious protozoa that is zoonotic and destroys the gut lining

Question 35

who does cryptosporidia affect

Answer 35

young animals with weaker immunity

Question 36

what does cryptosporidia result in

Answer 36

- decreased growth rate - weight loss - death- because of extreme diarrhea and dehydration

Question 37

what is a cattle tapeworm

Answer 37

- the first host - a mite - ingested by cow - found in grass and soil

Question 38

what is a human tapeworm

Answer 38

cattle are infected when human feces ends up in cows pasture. humans are infected when they eat cow meat that is infected and under cooked

Question 39

what are gastrointestinal nematodes GIN

Answer 39

aka roundworms or nematodes

Question 40

where does the GIN live and how are they passed

Answer 40

in the small intestine and stomach then passed through feces

Question 41

what does GIN result in

Answer 41

- diarrhea - weight loss - anemia - decreased growth rates - damage to stomach lining and intestine

Question 42

where do lungworm live

Answer 42

in lungs and trachea

Question 43

what can lungworm infection cause

Answer 43

- coughing - respiratory distress - decreased growth rate

Question 44

how are lungworms passed

Answer 44

- they are coughed up - swallowed - eggs or larvae are in/passed through feces - larvae are ingested while grazing

Question 45

general principles of treatment and control -3

Answer 45

- pasture maintenance - stable hygiene - effective use of pasture control products

Question 46

fly and lice control

Answer 46

- fly tags - fly sprays - back rubbers containing repellents - pour-on agents

Question 47

coccidia treatment and control

Answer 47

- prevention is key as they are easily transmittable | - oral meds

Question 48

treatment and control of cryptosporidia

Answer 48

- prevention is key - anti-protozoal solutions used as an aid in reducing symptoms in new born calves - oral med

Question 49

what are the internal parasites

Answer 49

- lungworm - mange mites - warbles - gastrointestinal worms

Question 50

treatment and control of internal parasites

Answer 50

- pour on agents | - injectables products

Question 51

treatment and control of tapeworm

Answer 51

oral drenches

Question 52

when should cattle be dewormed

Answer 52

before they are turned out in the spring and then in the fall before they return to pasture

Question 53

when is it ideal for cattle to be dewormed

Answer 53

dry period (but can do it at anytime with zero milk withdrawal)

Question 54

how are E. coli and salmonella transmitted

Answer 54

- through contact with contaminated feces - will not pass through skin - causes severe diarrhea

Question 55

how is cryptosporidiosis spread

Answer 55

ingesting contaminated feces

Question 56

how is rabies spread

Answer 56

- through the saliva of rabid animals - usually through bite wounds - always fatal in mammals