Bovine Youngstock 1 & 2 Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What are the normal clinical parameters of the calf?
A
2
Q
Review all the most common diseases of neonatal calves for each system
A
3
Q
What differentials for calf diarrheoa?
A
4
Q
Clinical signs of infectious diarrhoea?
A
- Loose watery faeces
- Straining to defaecate
- Faeces with blood or mucus
- Varying degrees of dehydration
- Sunken eyes, skin tent
- Dull
- Inappetence
- Varying degrees of weakness
- Recumbancy
- Neurological signs (D Lactate build up)
- Pyrexia (depending on cause- parasites don’t cause pyrexia)
5
Q
Describe incidence and cause of crypto?
A
- Cryptosporidium parvum
- Protozoa
- 1-3 weeks old
- From contaminated env
6
Q
Cls of crypto?
A
Profuse watery diarrhoea shedding millions of oocyts to infect
others
7
Q
Diagnosis ?
A
Off rainbow scour test, or send to lab- modified acid-fast staining
on faecal smear
* Need to diagnose to help with treatment against parasite
8
Q
Tx for Crypto?
A
Halocur- Halofuginone
* Will reduce eggs excreted in faeces too
9
Q
Pathophysiology of D+ ?
A
- INC loss of bicarb -> loss of H2O & bicarb from guts and inc gut transition times
- INC production of lactic acid (L LACTATE)
- DECREASED H+ excretion (due to dec kidney perfusion)
10
Q
Overall pathophy result?
A
Metabolic acidosis
11
Q
Make a flowchart of the pathophysiology as above?
A
12
Q
Describe pathophy of D-lactate (bacterial overgrowth) D+ ?
A
- D-lactate is a major component of acidosis in neonatal calf diarrhoea- it is
harder/slower for the calf to excrete and control this compared to L lactate - Clinical signs of acidosis most correlated with blood levels of D-lactate
- Decreased palpebral reflex, broad stance/ataxic, absent suckle reflex
13
Q
Make another flow chart for D-LActate pathophys?
A
14
Q
Tx for D+ ?
A
- Fluids - oral or Iv
- Sodium bicarb IV
- NSAIDs ( better appetite)
- ABs - systemically ill/ bacteraemia
15
Q
Detail how to treat depending on level of dehydration
A
16
Q
what key prevention questions?
A
- How do we manage this in a herd
situation? - What do we do with the other, currently
un-affected animals in the group? - What do we do with the calves not born
yet? - What are the risk factors for an outbreak of
diarrhoea in young calves? - How can we prevent this happening next
year?
17
Q
What prevention measures help against D+?
A
Colostrum intake & quality => calf immunity
+
Housing hygiene
18
Q
Risk factors to neonatal septicaemia?
A
- FTP and unhygienic environment
- Overcrowding and poor ventilation
- Dystocia
- Multiple organs often affected
19
Q
Aetiology of neonatal septicaemia?
A
- Escherichia coli most important
- Common Pasteurella spp, Klebsiella spp,
Salmonella spp - Mixed infections are frequent
20
Q
Clinical signs for neonatal septicaemia?
A
- Lethargy,
- Poor suckle reflex,
- Weakness,
- Recumbency,
- Tachycardia,
- Tachypnoea,
- Dehydration
- CRT usually increased; MM toxic
21
Q
Diagnosis of neonatal septicaemia?
A
- Signs
- Detection of pathogen
- Blood count and biochemistry (normal white
blood count to leucopoenia, toxic changes to
neutrophils, hypoglycaemia, acidosis, IgG
levels)
22
Q
Tx for neonatal septicaemia?
A
- What properties of an antibiotic do we want
for this? - Fluid therapy
- NSAIDs
- Supportive care
23
Q
List respiratory diseases from Viral, Bacterial and Mycoplasma cateGories that affect calves?
A
24
Q
What factors play into BRd Disease Complex?
A
25
List clinical signs of BRD?
* Pyrexia
* Nasal discharge- watery → mucopurulent
* Cough
* Ocular discharge
* Lethargy
* Inappetence
* Rapid shallow breathing, increased RR
* Increased HR
* Outstretched neck in respiratory distress
26
How easy is it to diagnose BRD?
* Generally poorly diagnosed/under diagnosed
* 30% of pen of calves show clinical signs, up to 70% have lung damage at slaughter
27
Diagnosis of BRD?
* Clinical findings- none specific respiratory signs
* Thoracic auscultation poor sensitivity
* Cant determine insulting pathogens
* Important to find insulting pathogen for prevention and management on farm at herd level
* Doesn’t impact individual treatment at time of disease outbreak
28
What diagnostic tests can we do ?
29
List advantages / diadv, uses and complications of Nasopharyngeal swab?
30
List advantages / diadv, uses and complications of Trans tracheal wash
31
List advantages / diadv, uses and complications of BAL
32
List advantages / diadv, uses and complications ofSerology antibody ELISA?
33
List advantages / diadv, uses and complications of PME
34
LIST ADV/DISADV COMPLICATIONS AND USE OF US?
35
What are the main parts of tx for BRD in an individual animal?
ANTIBIOTIC -> gram neg, facultative anaerobes
NSAID
Supportive therapy (Clenbuterol, isolation, warmth, nursing)
36
Which ABs would be a good option here? (lung penetration licensing etc..)
37
How can we combat each category of risk factors of BRD Disease complex?
38
What are the 3 Qs of Colostrum?
Qauntitiy, quality & Quickly
39
What is involved in pre-weaned calf management ?
* Colostrum intake
* Milk intakes
* Pre-weaned calf has greatest potential for lean muscle
growth than any other stages
* Heifer should double in weight from birth to weaning
* Reticulorumen development
* Forage- improves rumen muscular function
40
What does the development of rumen papillar require?
Straw (fibre) and concentrate (Volatile fatty acids)
Concentrates 13MJ/kg, 16-18% CP
Pellets better to avoid sorting
41
How do we manage the weaning calf?
- calves need to step-weaned off milk (gradually dec milk fed)
- Age at weaning 8-10 wks
- Consuming feeds 2kg/day consistently before withdrawing milk
42
Weight & growth for weaning calves?
- Weight: calf at leats doubles birth weight
- Growth check and stress aroudn weaning are common (noisy calves = hungry calves)
TARGET growth rates > 800g/day
43
What are some clinical signs of weaning issues like thiamine def, CCN, polio
* Stargazing
* Head pressing
* Ataxia
* Cortical Blindness
* Seizures and death!
44
Diagnosis on PM?
Fluorescent brain
45
Describe the pathophys of Polioencephalomalacia?
46
Tx for Polioencpehalomalacia?
* Thiamine injection (B1 injection) IV initially, followed by high dose IM q8 hour (10mg/kg)
* Steroid (mannitol) to reduce brain swelling
* Dietary management, support of normal gut flora
47
Describe Coccidiosis ?
* Prevalence in UK not fully known and
ranges significantly between farms and
seasons- worse in winter
* Single cell parasites
* Host specific
E. zunerii
E. bovis
E. alabamensis- 2 weeks post
turnout in dairy calves
48
How does coccidia work?
- Invasion of gut cells and dramatic multiplication
- Coccidia emerge bursting the gut cells open
- Gut damage
- Less ability to absorb
- Associated with overcrowding & contamination
49
Clinical signs fo coccidiosis?
Most seen 1-3 months old but can affect any ages
- Acute pre-patent and prolific D+ reduced oocyst count
- Dull,rapid weight loss, straining, tenesmus, no pyrexia
- Chronic cases usually gut pathology & reduced growth rates
50
Diagnosis of Coccidiosis?
* Diagnosis on clinical signs and presence of oocysts in the faeces
Easy to perform FEC to identify
51
What are some difficulties about cocci?
- Oocyts are resilient and survive overwintering/ most disinfectants
- Recovery is proteacted causing significant impact on growth
52
Tx for cocci?
Coccidiostats => Toltrazuril in feed tx
53
Describe Parasitic gastroenteritis?
- Usually affecting dairy calves in their first grazing season -> no adult cattle to 'mop up' parasites => rapid multiplication
- weaned autumn born beef calves -> no immunity
- Late summer/ autumn WET WEATHER
54
What is a main aetiology of PGE?
Ostertagia ostertagi
55
Describe D+ from Ostertagia?
Sudden and profuse green diarrhoea
Rapid weight loss -> marked loss of body condition 20-40kg
Appetite loss
Recovery protracted
56
Diagnosis of PGE?
* History and presentation
* FWEC
* Blood tests (serum pepsinogen)
57
Tx for PGE?
* Prompt anthelmintic treatment
* Appropriate anthelmintic treatments for type 2
58
Prevention of PGE?
* Herd health plans with pasture rotation and prevention of infection
* Appropriate choice of anthelmintics should be included in HHP
59
Describe type 1 vs 2 of PGE?
60
Describe Lungworm?
Dictyocaulus viviparous
61
Describe Lungworm?
* Not just a disease of youngstock- can affect adults
but first season grazing heifer may be affected
* Late summer/autumn
* No immunity to parasite
62
Clinical signs of Dictyocaulus?
Increased respiratory rate at rest, frequent
coughing after short periods of exercise,
Reluctance to move and outstretched neck
death
63
Diagnosis of Lungworm?
* Detection of larvae (L1) in faeces- Baermann technique
* Affect growth rates and economic cost to the farmer
64
Describe FLUKE
Fasciola hepatica
* Infects the liver and bile ducts
* Cattle grazing over autumn are a risk of ingesting larvae in infected areas
65
Clinicals signs of Fluke ?
* weight loss, anaemia, diarrhoea, bottle jaw
* Hypalbuminaemia
* Significant impact on productivity and cause immunosuppression
* Poor fertility
66
Diagnosis of Fluke?
* FECs- Sedimentation
* Antibody ELISA- shows exposure over last few months
* Abattoir reports identify presence on farm
67
Tx and control of fluke?
* Immature Vs mature fluke
* Strategic dosing depending on housing time
* Pasture rotation
* Avoid pasture with high burdens, stagnant water etc
* Reduction of use of triclabendazole
* Often have long withdrawal periods so consider carefully before using
* Slow recovery after treatment
68
Describe white Muscle Disease?
* Vitamin E and Selenium deficiency – important
as cell antioxidants to prevent cell membrane
damage
* Vitamin E found in green crops
* Selenium may be deficient in some soil types
69
What can WMD affect?
Skeletal, cardiac and respiratory muscles are
especially susceptible.
70
When does the delayed form of WMD affect them?
1-4 months old
71
Clinical signs of WMD?
depend on muscle group affected
* Skeletal-reuctance to stand, stuffness
otherwise well
* Respiratory- distress
* Cardiovascular- sudden death
72
Diagnosis of WMD?
* Clinical signs
* Can check GSHPx for Se levels, and αtocopherol for Vit E
* Can do histology exam of myocardium
73
Tx for WMD?
* Parenteral Se and Vit E
* Supplement diet
74
Describe Summer Scour Syndrome?
* Unresponsive diarrhoea in weaned dairy calves at grass.
-> Young animals 3-6 months
* Pastures fertilised with N fertiliser or slurry seem more likely to impact calves
75
Testing for summer scour syndrome?
Test negative to PGe, Cocci, Salmonella, BVD, MCF, IBR
76
Morbidity ?
40%
77
What features of summer scour syndrome?
Ulceration of oesophagus features
Come animals improve when housed again and some continue to waste
78
What might be related to summer scour syndrome?
diet transition -> From straw and concentrates to grazing
79
What are some aims of heifer rearing?
* Improving genetics
* Maintaining health
* Protecting from infectious disease
* Protecting from parasitic disease
80
What do we want out of heifer replacements?
- acheiving sufficient growth rates
- Aim to calve at 24 months
81
Impacts of getting the right heifers?
- Milk yields and longevity
- Influencing overall efficiency of herd
82
How do we maintain health of calves through nutrition?
* Prolonged colostrum feeding
* Milk replacer
* 3L Twice Daily
* 900g powder/day
* Temperature- 40oC
* Water from birth
* Forage and concentrates from 3 days
83
Describe prepping of heifer for herd
* Service= 55-60% mature bodyweight
* Careful choice of sire
* Ease calving index (gestation length)
* Service planning:
AI vs natural
Fixed-time AI, synchronisation or
observed oestrus
* Supplementary feeding 6weeks
before/after service increases conception
rates
* Pregnancy diagnosis
84
What vaccination policies before joining herd ?
85
What do we want to consider in prep for first calving of heifers?
* Prevent over-conditioning in the last 2 months of
pregnancy
* Restriction of growth to 0.65Kg/day may be
desirable
* Dystocia risk associated with high BCS
86
What diet adaptations might we choose?
* Reduce the risk of udder oedema with certain diets
* Avoid high dietary protein, potash or silage content
* Ensure adaptation of the rumen flora and rumen
mucosa to the post-calving diet
* Feed a similar diet with an appropriate mineral
composition from 3 weeks before calving.
87
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