BP/Kaplan/AAMC P/S Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
can smth b both normative and informational influence
A
yes
2
Q
strain theory suggests that
A
when individuals are pushed to achieve socially acceptable goals (such as achieving straight A’s), but have only socially unacceptable means of achieving those goals (such as cheating), they may become deviant, as in John’s case.
3
Q
could showing ppl an image of others enjoying a product induce them to want to buy it? how?
A
One way that the image of multiple people using a product might induce someone to purchase that product is through the influence of conformity.
4
Q
mind guard
A
Certain group members filter out information that conflicts with majority group beliefs.
5
Q
collective rationalization
A
False beliefs lead a group to take extreme risk or ignore warnings.
6
Q
two reasons for group polarization
A
informative and normative influence
7
Q
irvng janis’ eight specific factors indicating groupthink
A
collective rationalization, excessive stereotyping, illusion of invulnerability, illusion of morality, illusion of unamity, mindguards, pressure on dissenters and self censorship
8
Q
does groupthink consider outside opinions
A
no
9
Q
primary socialization
A
we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in society from other ppl
10
Q
secondary socialization
A
we further refine what we learned in primary socialization and also focus on learning how to behave in diff settings
11
Q
anticipatory socialization
A
learning how to behave in anticipation of changes in living situations, jobs, relationships
12
Q
resocialization
A
the process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones
13
Q
social control
A
mechanism for regulating the behaviors of individuals and groups
14
Q
agent of socialization
A
any agent that is important for learning social norms and values like parents, friends, teachers, etc. also the environment
15
Q
self selection bias
A
bias where ppl select themselves into a group
16
Q
what waves appear on an eeg when awake
A
A person who is fully awake will display beta waves on an EEG.
17
Q
beta waves
A
Beta waves, which are present when someone is fully awake, are characterized by high-frequency, low-amplitude waveforms.
18
Q
alpha waves
A
Alpha waves are emitted when an individual is drowsy or about to enter a light sleep.
19
Q
are beta or alpha waves synchronous
A
Unlike alpha waves, beta waves are not synchronous.
20
Q
mdma promotes the relase of
A
MDMA promotes the release of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
21
Q
what do hallucinogens affect
A
Hallucinogens impact serotonin levels, and some of the resulting effects mimic sympathetic nervous system arousal.
22
Q
mesolimbic pathway includes
A
nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, olfactory tubule, median forebrain tubukle
23
Q
Activation-synthesis theory
A
holds that dream content is caused by neural activation.
24
Q
Cognitive dream theory
A
posits that dreams represent conceptions of self and others that play out in somewhat random order in the sleeper’s brain.
25
Problem-solving dream theory
holds that our brain attempts to solve problems while dreaming without being fully limited by reality-based constraints.
26
what type of waves are seen in stage 2 sleep? what else does stage 2 mark the appearance of and define these
Although Stage 2 sleep is characterized by diminished theta wave activity, theta waves are still observed at this stage. Additionally, Stage 2 marks the appearance of K-complexes, which occur infrequently but exhibit high amplitudes when observed. During Stage 2, K-complexes are typically followed by sleep spindles, or sporadic clumps of high-frequency, medium-amplitude waves.
27
continuity
Continuity is a Gestalt principle that suggests that when we see visual information arranged in a continuous row or line, such as a row of football players, we will perceive the footballers as a “line” instead of individual people.
28
proximity
Proximity suggests that objects which are closer together in our visual field are perceived as together, sometimes even perceived as the same object or belonging to a greater whole.
29
pragnanz
Pragnanz suggests that when we see an image with lots of complex details, we simplify it to the smallest and simplest image possible. For example, seeing the Olympic logo instead of 5 individual rings.
30
closure
Closure suggests that when we see only a small part of an image, our brain can finish filling in the rest of the image. In the example of a face, we have prior models about what a prototypical face looks like, and after having received some information about how part of a face looks (e.g. the eyes and nose) we can fill in where the rest of the details are in the image (e.g. we can imagine the mouth and ears).
31
gestalt are
top down
32
true or false- just noticeable diff is always a percent
fal;se
33
How is they type of stimulus determined in the body?
The type of stimulus is determined by the type of receptor which was activated, as receptors discriminate against the type of stimulus which activates them.
34
which comes first in the PNS- signal or consc awareness?
first you get the signal in the pns then concsou7s awareness
35
example of psychphysical testing.
Testing whether or not a person can tell the difference in stimulus intensity (detecting the just noticeable difference in stimulus intensity) is an example of psychophysical testing.
36
multitasking involves
SEQUENTIAL ATTN
37
what comes first in broadbents model
PROCE3SSING!!!!!!! NOT THE BUFFER
38
he dual-coding effect i
the dual-coding effect is the idea that the brain uses both visual and auditory cues to process and store information
39
is thiamine used for alzheimers
Thiamine is considered a treatment option for Korsakoff’s syndrome, not Alzheimer’s.
40
alz v korsakoff- which has a better understood cause
korsakoff
41
is schema and source monitoring related to encoding
no- schema is not and SM is more related to recall
42
encoding
occurs before storage and mem formation. it transforms sensory input into an actionable object
43
first line of SZ defense
Neuroleptics are dopamine antagonists with cognitive side-effects. They are the primary first-line treatment used against schizophrenia, although second-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine have also been shown to be effective.
44
depressive disorders symptoms
sadness+ SIG E. CAPS for 2 weeks. u need 5/9 symps. sleep, interest (loss of), guilt, energy (lower), concentration (decrease), appetite (pronounced change), psychomotor symptoms, suicidal thoughts
45
bipolar symptoms
DIG FAST: distractibility, irresponsibility, grandiosity, flight of thoughts, activity or agitation, sleep, talkative.
46
bipolar 1 v bipolar 2
bipolar 1: with manic episodes. depressive episodes are not required with 2, u need a major depressive and a hypomanic but not manic
47
cyclothymic
presence of both manic and depressive that are not severe enough to be considered episodes
48
parallel processing
in which we integrate all of the different features of an object simultaneously.
49
when is peripheral vision best and why
Peripheral vision is best for seeing dimly-lit objects at night, as the periphery of the retina has a denser rod distribution.
50
describe the shape and thickness of the basilar membrane of the ear. what is responded to here? what is it close to. is it wider or narrower, or thicker or thinner than, its apex? which is further away from the oval window, the basilar or the apex? what is responded to at the oval window. what is this phenomenon known as and what does it allow the brain to infer info abt?
1)The base of the basilar membrane is narrow and thick –
2) this is where it responds to high-frequency vibrations.
3)It is also close to the oval window that connects the middle and inner ears.
4)The basilar membrane is wider and thinner closer to its apex, 5)which is further away from the oval window.
6) Here, it responds to low-frequency vibrations.
7) This phenomenon, called place theory, allows the brain to infer information about the pitch of a sound based on which hair cells send signals.
51
how is the ear divided? what is in the outer ear? what else can it be called? what does the auricle do? what is the eardrum and what does it do?
1)The ear is divided into the outer ear (external ear), the middle ear, and the inner ear.
2)The outer ear consists of the external structures of the ear, and
3)is also called the pinna or auricle, and the external auditory canal.
4) This auricle funnels incoming sound waves into the external auditory canal, which is basically a tube that extends inward to the eardrum.
5)The eardrum, or the tympanic membrane, is the dividing point between the outer ear and the middle ear. The tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound waves, like a drum.
52
where are ossicles and what do they do? what do they connect to and what is this boundary for? what is the cochlea responsible for and where is it? what is it shaped like?
1)In the middle ear, tiny bones called ossicles amplify the vibrations of the tympanic membrane.
2)They connect to a membrane called the oval window, which is the boundary between the middle ear and the inner ear.
3)In the inner ear, the cochlea is the structure that is responsible for hearing.
4)It is spiral-shaped and is divided into three layers, sometimes referred to as scalae.
53
what happens when sound waves cause hair cells to move? what does this trigger
When sound waves cause hair cells to move, ion channels open up that let small, positively-charged ions flow into the cell. This triggers an influx of calcium ions through voltage-gated calcium channels, and this calcium influx then causes the release of neurotransmitters at the other end of the cell, beginning neural transmission.
54
According to exchange mobility theorists, what would be the expected consequence of a group of people in the middle class finding success and moving into the upper class?
that same number of people would go to middle from upper. According to the theory of exchange mobility, whenever a group of people moves from one class to another, the second group of people will transition into that class. It’s important to note that the second group needs to be transitioning from the class that the first group is transitioning into.
55
is diet a demographic factor
no
56
how to calculate prevalence
the total number of cases/ possibly affected population. ex: 20 ppl diagnosed w prostate cancer and 10 new ppl in a sample of 500 men and 500 women means prevalence is 30/500
57
how to calculate incidence
total number of new cases/at risk pop during a time pd. 20 ppl diagnosed w prostate cancer and 10 new ppl in a sample of 500 men and 500 women means 10/480
58
has a trend that females are more likely to be insured medically than males been documented
yes
59
core nations
focus on higher skills and higher paying productions while exploiting peripheral nations for their lower skilled productions
60
semi peripheral nations
midway btwn core n peripheral- these work toward becoming core nations while having many characteristics of peripheral nations
61
world system theory
catgorizes countries and emphasizes the inequalities of the division of labor at the global level.
62
second sickness
exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice
63
emigration and immigration defs
Emigration is the act of migrating out of a certain country and immigration is the act of migrating into a certain country.
64
wtf is gender segregfation??????????
Gender segregation refers to social institutions where people are separated by gender. This includes public locker rooms, for example, and is not necessarily an act of discrimination.
65
crude birth rate
births/total
66
The incentive theory of motivation calls attention to
The incentive theory of motivation calls attention to how factors outside of individuals, including community values and other aspects of culture, can motivate behavior. The other options would be more likely to look for motivational factors within the individual.
67
social epidemiology
Social epidemiology focuses on the contribution of social and cultural factors to disease patterns in populations.
68
cultural capital
Cultural capital refers to knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status
69
intersectionality and an example
Intersectionality calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individual’s position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity.
70
symbolic interactionism and an example
Symbolic interactionism examines small scale (or micro level) social interactions, focusing attention on how shared meaning is established among individuals or small groups. Clinical encounters involving patient–provider communication are consistent with the analysis of social interaction at the micro level.
71
demographic transition theory
Demographic transition theory addresses changes in the birth rate and the death rate that are associated with economic development (specifically, related to industrialization).
72
what is the typical pattern shown by demographic transition theory
the typical pattern begins with a drop in the death rate, leading to population growth, followed by a drop in the birth rate, leading to population stabilization
73
proactive interference
proactive interference- intereference of info from ltm w new info.
74
conf bias is also related to the search for
evidence
75
conflict theory- pays focus to
diffs across soc groups in power n status.
76
frustration-aggression hyp predicts
aggression inc w frustration.
77
james lange theory
jl suggests physio comes before emos.
78
Cannon–Bard theory
which holds that physiological arousal and emotions are experienced simultaneously.
79
Schachter & Singer's two-factor theory
Schachter & Singer's two-factor theory, which includes cognitive appraisal as a factor in emotional experience.
80
According to Mead’s theory of identity, what is the I and the me
the “I” is the spontaneous and autonomous part of the self.
the “me” is the part of the self that is formed in interaction with others and with the general social environment.
81
social integration
social int describes connxn level to insts n struc of a society
82
1) The inner and outer scalae are filled with_____
2) while the middle layer is suspended between two membranes and contains the ____ ____ _____
3) ___ ____ protrude from the basilar membrane into the organ of Corti.
4) The stereocilia of the hair cells are bathed in _______
5) The layer below the basilar membrane is filled with perilymph, which
perilymph,
organ of Corti.
Hair cells
endolymph.
vibrates in response to sound waves, and those vibrations are transmitted to the basilar membrane.
83
order of james lange
physio (nervous system arousal)- emo
84
order of cannon bard
emo+physio (nervous system arousal)- action
85
order of schachter singer
physio (nervous system arousal)+ cog appraisal- emo
86
how did bard contribute to cannon bard
he said when u see the fearful stim sensory info is sent to the cortex and symp ns simultaneously by the thalamus
87
Serial memory processing
is a perceptual strategy where we consciously look in one place after another, analyzing stimuli in order.
88
Parallel processing
is the process of simultaneously integrating stimulus input - color, shape, or motion.
89
Feature detection
is our ability to detect each feature of a stimulus - color, shape, or motion.
90
Motion parallax
describes the fact that objects close to us move further across our visual field than objects that are far from us. This is one of the cues we use to perceive depth. For example, think about driving in a mountainous region. Buildings by the side of the road rush by quickly, whereas the far-off mountains seem to move slowly as you drive by.
91
stapes of the ear
transmits vibrations from the middle to the inner ear and is before the organ of corti.
92
vestibule of the ear
percieves linear acceleration
93
reification
when we perceive more info than is actually there (brain fills in the blanks of an image)
94
law of closure
says we tend to perceive shapes as complete even when theyre not
95
invariance
drawing of an obj can be perceived as the same obj even if its been rotated or changed in size
96
multistability
when an image can be perceived two or more ways and the perception of that image can alternate btwn those interpretiaotns
97
malthusian theory
focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder
98
conflict theory
macro theory that attempts to understand society by examining the inevitable conflicts between groups in society. it has its origins in the writings of karl marx
99
rational choice perspective
The rational choice perspective assumes that individual behavior will be based on an implicit analysis of the costs and benefits of actions.
100
rational choice perspective
The rational choice perspective assumes that individual behavior will be based on an implicit analysis of the costs and benefits of actions.
101
labeling theory
Labeling theory is a perspective on deviance that suggests labels get applied to certain groups or individuals regardless of specific behavior.
102
social constructionism in regards to health and disease
Social constructionism presumes that ideas (such as knowledge about health and disease) are created through historical processes that are socially defined and culturally distinct.
103
ethnographic research
ethnographic research, which involves observing social interactions in real social settings
104
social stigma
Social stigma is derived from the symbolic interactionist perspective in sociology and calls attention to how certain individuals or groups face social disapproval. Often, the social disapproval is associated with a behavior, identity, or other attribute that is considered deviant by others.
105
neuroleptics
neuroleptics are the first antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and though they are effective in treating positive symptoms, their side effects include cognitive dulling, which can exacerbate negative symptoms.
106
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a model of the body’s stress response that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. An individual enters the stage of exhaustion only after that individual has encountered the stressor for a prolonged period of time.
107
Culture lag
describes the tendency of culture to lag behind technological innovations, thereby leading to tensions in society
108
Assimilation
occurs when an individual begins to lose characteristics of his or her previous culture and gain characteristics of the culture that he or she is in
109
touch receptors are
mechanoreceptors
110
racial barrier item
assesses racial adversity in society
111
paired samples t test
wld b used if ppl had given multiple measurements
112
indep samples t test
conducted when researches want to compare mean values of two unrelated groups
113
regression
used to predict scores from indep vbles. it lets researchers identify the unique effects of indep vbles while controlling for other indep vbles
114
pearson corr coeff
calc to compare the assoc btwn two vbles.
115
piagets stages
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, formal operational
116
sensorimotor
object permanence devp, exploring world, sep anxiety.0-2, infancy
117
preoperational
symbolic thinking, centration, egocentrism. 2-7
118
concrete operational
understanding concept of consv, conc and math reasoning. 7-11
119
formal operational
abstract thought, use of hypothetical thinking. 12+
120
vygotskys theory
social learning theory heavily stresses the role of ppl and ints in the acquisition of cog skills like lang which would involve mirror neurons
121
intersectionality
intersec is concerned w intersection of diff idents and how this unqiue combo inf ppl
122
relapse prevention strategies
peer support and coping skills are relapse prevention strategies
123
regression to the mean
it means responses becoming less extreme when reassessed, therefore getting closer to the mean. they typically will decrease, not inc or stay stable
124
i mead
autonoumous sense of self that reacts to the attitudes taken in from society
125
me mead
collection of attitudes taken from society
126
preconscious
thoughts in the mind that are usually unsconsc but can b recalled if necessary
127
prescriptive and descriptive soc
prescriptive refers to what someone thinks shld happen and descriptive is what u see is actually happening
128
malleus
first of the three ossicle bones and doesnt directly make contact w oval window
129
stapes
footplate drives motion of cochlear fluid
130
the three ossicle bones
malleus(hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrups)
131
within subjects design
ppl participate in every exp group in the study
132
three component theory of stratification, or weberian strat
three compoenet theory- states class, prestige and power inf how ppl treat each other.
133
phenomenological research
phenomelological focuses on subj elements of an exp by trying to udnerstand indivs perceptions, perspectives and understandings of a particular situation or evvent. this is done by way of collecting narratives from multiple ppl
134
social proof
aka information social inf is a psych phenomemon where ppl assume the axns of others in attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation. happens most often when the situation in ambigous.
135
when does information social inf (or social proof) most ofen occur
most susceptible to this when they have choices but dont know which to pick, or when there is a crisis and others are more experienced. if their authroity is accepted, its assumed they know better than whoever is making the decision
136
Labeling theory
is a perspective on deviance that suggests labels get applied to certain groups or individuals regardless of specific behavior.
137
drive
a drive is an internal state that the individual acts to reduce,
138
in cognitive disoonance theory are ppl more likely to change attitudes or behaviors
To eliminate cognitive dissonance, the individual can either change his or her attitudes or his or her behavior. The theory posits that individuals are more likely to adjust their attitudes to align with their behavior than the other way around.
139
proximal stimulus
is the stimulus registered by the sensory receptors (e.g., the pattern of light falling on the retina),
140
counterbalancing
is a method to control for any effect that the order of presenting stimuli might have on the dependent variable.
