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BP2- Civil rights Flashcards

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1
Q

After WW1 was racism more extreme in the South or North?

A

The south (especially the deep south). Black americans were expected to live in their own part of town, shop there and school there.
They were on a last hired, first fired basis and expected to do the lowest paid jobs.

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2
Q

What was Woodrow wilsons stance on civil rights?

A

introduced segregation in government offices in the white house.
He had no problem with segregation and as he was dedicated to laissez-faire he did not enforce legislation.

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3
Q

What laws were introduced in the south? Why?

A

Southerners felt less in control of the black population the south with slavery gone and so they enforced Jim Crow laws into every aspect of life.

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4
Q

What type of things did Jim Crow laws include?

A

There were laws about where to sit on public transport, where to live, separate public facilities, discriminated workplaces e.g different staircases.

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5
Q

How did black people vote after ww1?

A

Voters had to pass a literacy qualification to vote and in some places black people were given a harder passage to read. In many states, voters had to be homeowners and many black Americans were not. Polling stations were surrounded by white people waiting for a black person to beat.

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6
Q

Between 1915 and 1930, how many lynchings of black men were there? How many of white?

A

579
65

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7
Q

Why was lynching introduced?

A

Black people felt white people needed terrorising into obedience.

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8
Q

Who was Emmet Till?

A

Emmett till was visiting relations in Chicago (the south) when he was lynched for talking to a white woman. This attracted a lot of publicity.

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9
Q

Give an example of a white-supremacist organisation who targeted black people?

A

The Ku Klux Klan.

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10
Q

When did the KKK revive? How many members were there on estimate?

A
  1. between 3 and 8 million.
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11
Q

What did Plessy V Fergurson say?

A

Despite the 14th amendment, segregation was possible if provision was separate but equal.

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12
Q

When was Plessy v Fergurson?

A

1896.

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13
Q

What was the 14th ammendment.

A

Said all people born or naturalised in the USA are US citizens.

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14
Q

What occurred between 1917 and 1932?

A

A wave of black migration (the great migration) from the south to the north and east.

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15
Q

Give some examples of places african americans were drawn to as a result of the northern migration. Why?

A

Chicago, detroit, Cleaveland etc.
They had increased industrial work as well as a way to escape the south.

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16
Q

Why did black americans migrate when the USA entered ww1?

A

The need for industrial workers rose and so factory owners advertised in the North. They advertised free housing, good wages and free transport.

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17
Q

What did black americans actually find when they entered the North after the northern migration?

A

They found a level of segregation that they had not expected.The jobs were low paid, sometimes replaced with white workers and the accomondation was crowded. There were some exeptions and some black people did very well for themselves.

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18
Q

Impact of northern migration on south workforce?

A

The labour force shrank and the farming areas struggled.

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19
Q

During the 1930s, how did the voting style of black americans change?

A

Voting shifted from republican to democrat.

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20
Q

Positive impact of new deal on black americans.

A

-When war broke out, FDR issued Executive Order 8802 which banned racial discrimination in the defence industry. This was an attempt to get as many people into work as possible.
-Roosevelts ND was supposedly colour blind.
-Mary Mcleod Bethune- first Black woman to direct a federal program (the National Youth Administration) which provided work and education for young men and women as part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA).
-Slightly increased black people in politics.

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21
Q

Negative impact of new deal on black americans.

A

-TVA barred black americans from higher-paying construction and management work.
-Black farm workers sacked during agricultural reforms.

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22
Q

When was the National Association for the advancement of coloured people set up?

A

1909

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23
Q

What does NAACP stand for?

A

National Association for the Advancement of Coloured people.

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24
Q

How many americans moved during the northern migration?

A

6 million

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25
What was roosevelts stance on civil rights?
He did little on civil rights as he needed the support of everyone including people who were against civil rights. He did issue an executive order 8802 though which banned racial discrimination in the defence industry.
26
Why did Roosevelt issue executive order 8802?
Because in 1941 a successful protest threatened a 100k strong march on washington unless discrimination was banned. Led by A.Phillip Randolph
27
Who set up support systems for black citizens during the depression?
Black church organisations.
28
Who led the 1941 protest by railway workers which threatened march on washington?
A. Phillip Randolph.
29
As ww2 went on what happened to black americans?
Military and factories needed more black people. Migration was still occurring. There were still outbreaks of racist violence from white people angry about sharing a workplace with black people.
30
How did ww2 help to ease racism in some ways?
Many white Americans were still racist but the fact that black Americans had to be employed during the war and white Americans saw they could do the work well meant that they could be friends in some cases.
31
What was president truman's stance on civil rights?
Truman supported civil rights and proposed anti-lynching, anti-segregation and fair employment laws in 1954 but failed to push through congress. Civil rights measures were always difficult to pass due to southern opposition.
32
What did Truman set up in 1946?
The presidents committee on civil rights.
33
What did the presidents committee on civil rights call for?
Equal opportunities in work and housing. Also urged federal support for civil rights.
34
What event meant that truman focused less on civil rights?
The cold war and fighting communism.
35
1917-55, what were some examples of tactics used to fight for civil rights?
Picketing Boycotting Sit-ins Legal challenges.
36
After both wars, NAACP membership rose by how much?
from 9k in 1917 to 600k in 1946.
37
What was the seperatists movement?
Suggested that black americans were never going to have true equality with white americans so they should stop fighting for it. They felt that they should embrace segregation and fight for equal conditions within it. This would mean that black children would grow up without feeling inferior. Some believed they should just go back to Africa.
38
What was the NAACP's aim?
To gain equal rights.
39
How did the NAACP take legal cases to court? What did they argue?
The NACCP took cases of segregation to court which were tough to fight as Plessy v furgerson had said that segregation was permissible if it was separate but equal. A tactic was to argue that that is wasn’t equal in attempt to overrule the supreme court.
40
NAACP legal success statistic.
The NACCP won some legal cases in the 1930s and 40s and won every case in the 50s.
41
Was the NAACP's legal success a gain to the civil rights movement?
Yes however the Supreme Court did not enforce its rulings and did not set time limits for desegregation.
42
What was CORE?
The Congress of Racial Equality.
43
What did the NAACP's tactics shift to after legal challenges did not seem to be working?
They took a different approach as legal cases were not working well. They were more influenced by local protests like those of Ghandi in India. There were boycotts of shops and sit ins (organised by CORE)
44
What were the NAACP's laws on non-violent protests?
-demonstrators had to be as well dressed as possible. -they could not be abusive or loud. -they could not fight back if attacked. -tried to show white people the evils of segregation -tried to show they supported the government
45
When was the montgomery bus boycott?
1955
46
Context of montgomery bus boycott.
Black passengers had to sit at the back of the bus even if there were empty seats in the white only part of the bus. They had to give up any seat on their side of the bus to a white person. NACCP and other organisations wre considering a bus boycott. 1st December 1955 Rosa Parks (NAACP member) was arrested for sitting at the front of a bus. The NAACP’s lawyer took her case and a boycott was organised.
47
Who was the leader of the montgomery bus boycott.
Martin Luther King
48
Which organisation was set up to organise the montgomery boycott?
The montogomery improvement association.
49
How long did the montgomery bus boycott last?
380 days.
50
Impact of MLK on the montgomery bus boycott.
Careful to follow the rules of non-violent protest. Kept the media informed about events.
51
Impact of Montgomery bus boycott.
The homes of king and others were fire bombed and taxi drivers were penalised. The city government imprisoned king. By this point the boycott had huge publicity and the Supreme Court had to act. 13TH November 1956, ruled bus segregation unconstitutional. The boycott had worked but it took several years for the violence that came with it to die down.
52
When was bus segregation ruled unconstitutional?
(13th) nov 1956
53
What did MLK set up after the montgomery bus boycott?
The Southern Christian Leadership conference (SCLC).
54
Impact of MLK on civil rights movement.
Became the face of black American civil rights. He set up the Montgomery Improvement association during the bus boycotts. He set up the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) after the Montgomery bus boycotts.
55
What were King's non-violent protest rules?
He refined the non-violent protest rules in order to create the best possible impression on the media: -Must be clear who is the oppressor. Never give the image of a violent blacxk American. -Getting arrested as peacefully but publicly as possible is good publicity. King was arrested many times. -Accept as many white people as you can during protests. King was happy to meet with white officials.
56
In 1957 in Selma what percentage of african americans were registered to vote?
0.1%
57
What did MLK do due to the low voter registration in selma?
He marched from Selma to montgomery. This led to brutal violence on 'Bloody sunday' towards brutal protestors.
58
What did MLKs march from selma to montgomery lead to?
Johnsons passing of the Voting Rights Act 1965.
59
What happened when MLK was assassinated?
The civil rights movement slowed down therefore showing how crucial he was to the movement.
60
When was MLK assasinated?
1968
61
Context of Little Rock, Arkansas?
Arkansas had a racist governor. 1957- nine black children were selecyed to attend previously white central high school. On their first day of school, the governer sent the National Guard to prevent the children going ‘for their safety’. 8 of the children went to school by car with the NAACP organsier but the 9th did not get the message and went on her own. The National Guard turned her away and she was surrounded by a screaming mob of ‘lynch her’.
62
Impact of little rock.
Photographs of the incident shocked the world. King met with Eisenhower and pointed out the political damage this was doing to his presidency. Eisenhower reluctantly sent in federal troops to guard the children going into the school. But inside the school, the children were subject to violence. The homes of local NAACP leaders were firebombed.
63
Why did Eisenhower send federal troops to little rock?
After he met with MLK.
64
Context of Greensboro sit in.
four black students went into a Greensboro department store bought some supplies and then went to the segregated lunch counter to wait to be served. They kept waiting until the store shut. The next day, around 30 students joined them. The day after, nearly all the seats were full.
65
What year was the Greensboro sit ins?
1960
66
Impact of of greensboro sit ins.
The media filled with images of calm, well-dressed black students sitting waiting to be served while crowds of white people shouted at them, blew smoke into their faces etc.
67
What is the SNCC?
Student Non-violent Coordinating comittee.
68
When was the SNCC set up?
1960.
69
What did the SNCC believe in?
Believed in non-violent direct action and students all took training sessions in how to cope with abuse and violence from white people during demonstrations. They encouraged voter registration as they needed to get black Americans into politics in order to get government attention. Took non-violent protest into areas where there was likely to be violence.
70
Which civil rights groups carried out the freedom rides?
CORE and the SNCC
71
When were freedom rides?
1961
72
Context of freedom rides.
To test wether bus restroom facilities had been desegregated as they should have been after a Supreme Court ruling. They knew that the deeper into the south they went the more likely this was not to be the case and the more they were putting themselves at risk.
73
What was the point of the freedom rides?
They planned the rides with the intention of provoking a crisis and gaining publicity.
74
Impact of freedom rides.
The first two buses were attacked and both black and white people were beaten up. In alabama, one of the buses was firebombed and chased by 50 cars. All the rides survived but the media coverage showed shocking levels of violence. Freedom riders were imprisoned and beaten but carried on riding.
75
When was Birmingham?
1963
76
What was birmingham nicknamed and why?
Bombingham for the regularity of black homes, buisnesses and churches being firebombed.
77
Aim of Birmingham and by who?
King and the SCLC led a push to desegregate the whole town. They knew it would provoke violence.
78
What tactics did they use in birmingham?
One tactic was to get arrested and fill the jails so that they were full.
79
Impact of birmingham.
When they marched, fire hoses and dogs were used. Again, generating media images. President Kennedy saw them and felt ashamed. He sent in federal troops and after that, Birmingham was desegregated. Significant factor for Kennedy passing civil rights legislation.
80
Why did Kennedy send federal troops to birmingham?
He felt ashamed when he saw media images.
81
Who was the most famous advocate for black militancy?
Malcolm X.
82
What did Malcolm x believe in?
He said he did not advocate violence unless in self-defence. He did not believe that white people should be involved in the civil rights movement.
83
When were their major riots?
1964
84
Where were the riots in 1964?
New York, Chicago, Philadelphia.
85
Impact of 1964 riots.
Government intervention to calm the violence was seen as acceptable. Media coverage meant that the image of non violent black people assaulted by white people was replaced by the image of burning cities and a young black man with a petrol bomb. It helped to hasten civil rights legislarion.
86
When was the Northern Crusade?
1966
87
Who ran the northern crusade?
MLK
88
What was the Northern Crusade?
King announced a Northern Crusade to improve slums by setting up tenant unions, improving working conditions and teaching young people about non-violent protest. He began with Chicago where around 800,000 black Americans lived mainly in ghettos.
89
Impact of Northern Crusade.
It brought no permanent change. Kings relationship with the media was also turning sour as he accused them of trying to make non-violent campaigners like himself make militant statements or they wouldn’t be reported
90
Who was leader of the SNCC in 1965?
Stokely Carmicheal
91
What did Stokely carmicheal set up in 1965?
The Lowndes county freedom organisation.
92
When was the civil rights act?
1964
93
When was the voting rights act?
1965
94
What happened in 1962 in regards to civil rights legislation?
President Kennedy executive order bans discrimination in federal housing allocation
95
Lifestyle for civil rights leaders after 1955?
After 1955 it became even more likely that civil rights campaigners would be arrested, beaten up or killed. Civil rights campaigners in south were expected to have their homes firebombed.
96
When was Brown V Board of Education?
1954.
97
What did Brown V Board say?
said separate education was wrong
98
Problems with Brown V Board I
gave no date for segregation in education to end.
99
What did Brown V Board II lead to?
This led to 70% of schools in the urban south and border states being desegregated within a year.
100
What was Swann V Charlotte Mecklenburg?
the supreme court supported busing children to ensure racially mixed schools existed
101
When was Swann V Charlotte Mecklenburg?
1971
102
What is Busing?
the transportation of white or black children to schools in a different area to ensure schools were integrated.
103
In 1968, what percentage of southern states black children attended segregated schools?
68%
104
President Nixons stance on busing.
President Nixon opposed busing as he said it was bad for the child and the community. He deliberately appointed more conservative judges which led to Miliken V Bradley
105
What was Miliken V Bradley?
Ruled that white children could not be bused into inner cities which led to the re-segregation of some areas.
106
What did Eisenhower do for civil rights?
Sent troops into Little Rock after meeting with MLK.
107
What did Kennedy do for civil rights?
- Birmingham generated media images and Kennedy said this made him feel ashamed so he sent in federal troops and Birmingham was desegregated. - 1962- Kennedys executive order 1006 bans discrimination in federal housing allocation.
108
What did Johnson do for civil rights?
Passed the voting rights and civil rights act.
109
What did Nixon do for civil rights?
- Opposed to busing. - Appointed a southern racist to the supreme court. - Attempted a revision of the voting rights act. - Did not want to meet with black leaders and opposed the proposal of MLK’s birthday as a national holiday.
110
What did Carter do for civil rights?
- Renewed the voting rights act. - Appointed more Hispanic and black people to the federal judiciary than any previous president. The percentage of black federal judges rose from 4% in 1977 to 9% in 1981. - Increased Justice Department Power over voting rights and strengthened the OEEC.
111
Legally from ___, black americans were full citizens.
1980.
112
Achievements of the quest for civil rights 1955-80.
- A black American upper and middle class had developed to a significant extent. Black upper classes tended to be based in cities such as New York and Washington. They were proof of equality. Black professionals had if not equal, significant access to work in the higher levels of education, business and government. Significant number of black politicians. - More black Americans voted. - Black Americans had several routes to success through sport or entertainment. - Home ownership increased. - Number of black graduates increased.
113
Limits to success of the quest for civil rights 1955-80.
-Some black people reached the American dream but still not to the extent of white people. -Even the wealthiest of black Americans were made to feel unequal by white. -The radicalisation of some parts of the movement meant people felt less sympathetic to the rights. -The death of MLK made some people turn from civil rights to other issues. -The poor were getting poorer and falling below the poverty line. -Some schools were still segregated and poor living conditions continued. -Black babies were more likely to die and black school children were less likely to succeed. -Gang culture increased and crime rates increased.

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