brain Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
A
The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
2
Q
True or False: The CNS is responsible for processing and transmitting information throughout the body.
A
True
3
Q
Fill in the blank: The two main components of the CNS are the _____ and _____ .
A
brain, spinal cord
4
Q
What role does the brain play in the CNS?
A
The brain is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and facilitating cognition and emotion.
5
Q
What is the function of the spinal cord within the CNS?
A
The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body and coordinates reflexes.
6
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of the CNS? A) Sensory processing B) Motor control C) Hormone production D) Cognitive functions
A
C) Hormone production
7
Q
True or False: The CNS includes peripheral nerves.
A
False
8
Q
What type of cells are primarily found in the CNS?
A
Neurons and glial cells.
9
Q
Fill in the blank: The _____ is responsible for higher functions such as thinking and reasoning in the CNS.
A
cerebral cortex
10
Q
What is the role of glial cells in the CNS?
A
Glial cells provide support, protection, and nourishment to neurons.
11
Q
Multiple Choice: Which part of the CNS is primarily responsible for reflex actions? A) Brainstem B) Cerebellum C) Spinal cord D) Cerebrum
A
C) Spinal cord
12
Q
What is the blood-brain barrier?
A
The blood-brain barrier is a selective permeability barrier that protects the brain from potentially harmful substances in the bloodstream.
13
Q
True or False: The CNS can regenerate after injury.
A
False
14
Q
Fill in the blank: The CNS is encased in protective _____ and _____ .
A
bones, membranes
15
Q
What are the meninges?
A
The meninges are the three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
16
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a layer of the meninges? A) Dura mater B) Arachnoid mater C) Pia mater D) Neura mater
A
D) Neura mater
17
Q
What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and nutrient delivery.
18
Q
True or False: The CNS is responsible for autonomic functions such as heart rate and digestion.
A
True
19
Q
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the part of the brain that regulates balance and coordination.
A
cerebellum
20
Q
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
A
The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis, including temperature, hunger, and thirst.
21
Q
Multiple Choice: Which structure is primarily involved in emotional responses? A) Thalamus B) Amygdala C) Hippocampus D) Medulla
A
B) Amygdala
22
Q
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
A
The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information before it reaches the cerebral cortex.
23
Q
True or False: The CNS is involved in voluntary movement control.
A
True
24
Q
Fill in the blank: The _____ lobe is responsible for processing visual information.
A
occipital
25
What is neuroplasticity?
Neuroplasticity is the ability of the CNS to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.
26
27
What is the definition of the peripheral nervous system?
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system that lies outside the brain and spinal cord, consisting of nerves and ganglia.
28
True or False: The peripheral nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.
False
29
What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
The two main divisions are the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
30
Fill in the blank: The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to _____ in the body.
limbs and organs
31
What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?
The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements and transmits sensory information to the central nervous system.
32
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a component of the autonomic nervous system? A) Sensory neurons B) Motor neurons C) Sympathetic nervous system D) All of the above
C) Sympathetic nervous system
33
True or False: The autonomic nervous system is responsible for involuntary bodily functions.
True
34
What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
35
Fill in the blank: The _____ nervous system is often referred to as the 'fight or flight' system.
sympathetic
36
What role does the parasympathetic nervous system play?
The parasympathetic nervous system promotes 'rest and digest' activities.
37
Multiple choice: Which structure is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system? A) Cranial nerves B) Spinal nerves C) Brain D) Peripheral nerves
C) Brain
38
What is the role of sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system?
Sensory neurons carry signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.
39
True or False: Motor neurons transmit commands from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
True
40
What is a ganglion in the context of the peripheral nervous system?
A ganglion is a cluster of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system.
41
Fill in the blank: The peripheral nervous system plays a crucial role in _____ and _____ information.
transmitting and processing
42
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of the peripheral nervous system? A) Reflex actions B) Sensory processing C) Memory storage D) Muscle control
C) Memory storage
43
What type of reflex involves the peripheral nervous system?
A reflex arc, which includes sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.
44
True or False: The peripheral nervous system can regenerate after injury.
True
45
What is the main protective feature of peripheral nerves?
Myelin sheaths, which insulate and enhance the speed of nerve signal transmission.
46
Fill in the blank: Peripheral nerves are primarily composed of _____ and _____ cells.
neurons and glial
47
What is neuropathy?
Neuropathy is a condition resulting from damage to the peripheral nerves, often causing pain, weakness, and numbness.
48
Multiple choice: Which of the following conditions can affect the peripheral nervous system? A) Diabetes B) Alzheimer's C) Stroke D) All of the above
A) Diabetes
49
What is the significance of the reflex arc in the peripheral nervous system?
It allows for quick, automatic responses to stimuli without direct involvement of the brain.
50
True or False: The peripheral nervous system can function independently of the central nervous system.
False
51
What is the primary function of the brain?
To process information and control bodily functions.
52
Which part of the brain is responsible for higher cognitive functions?
The cerebral cortex.
53
True or False: The brain is the largest organ in the human body.
False.
54
What is the average weight of an adult human brain?
About 3 pounds (1.4 kg).
55
Fill in the blank: The brain is divided into ___ main parts.
Three.
56
What are the three main parts of the brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
57
What is the role of the cerebellum?
To coordinate voluntary movements and maintain balance.
58
Which brain structure regulates vital functions such as heart rate and breathing?
The brainstem.
59
True or False: The left hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for creative tasks.
False.
60
What is neuroplasticity?
The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.
61
What is the function of the thalamus?
To relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
62
Which part of the brain is associated with emotions and memory?
The limbic system.
63
Fill in the blank: The outer layer of the brain is called the ___.
Cerebral cortex.
64
What is the role of the hippocampus?
To facilitate learning and memory.
65
True or False: The brain is completely formed at birth.
False.
66
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
To connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
67
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mood regulation?
Serotonin.
68
What is the primary role of glial cells?
To support and protect neurons.
69
Fill in the blank: The ___ lobe is responsible for processing visual information.
Occipital.
70
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
To manage cognitive functions, including decision making and problem solving.
71
What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?
To process sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain.
72
True or False: The brain can regenerate after injury.
True, to some extent.
73
What is the role of the amygdala?
To process emotions, particularly fear and pleasure.
74
Fill in the blank: The brain uses ___% of the body's total energy.
20.
75
What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?
To regulate voluntary motor movements and procedural learning.
76
What structure connects the brain to the spinal cord?
The brainstem.
77
What is grey matter primarily composed of?
Grey matter is primarily composed of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.
78
True or False: White matter contains a high concentration of myelinated axons.
True
79
Fill in the blank: Grey matter is found in the ______ of the brain.
cortex
80
What is the main function of grey matter?
The main function of grey matter is to process information and execute functions.
81
What is the primary role of white matter?
The primary role of white matter is to transmit signals between different regions of the brain.
82
Which type of brain matter is associated with higher cognitive functions?
Grey matter
83
Multiple Choice: Which structure is primarily composed of white matter? A) Cerebral Cortex B) Corpus Callosum C) Basal Ganglia
B) Corpus Callosum
84
True or False: Grey matter is responsible for the 'thinking' part of brain function.
True
85
Fill in the blank: White matter appears ______ in color due to myelin.
white
86
What are the main components of white matter?
White matter is mainly composed of myelinated axons and glial cells.
87
In which part of the brain is grey matter predominantly located?
In the outer layer, known as the cerebral cortex.
88
Which type of matter is involved in reflex actions?
Grey matter
89
Multiple Choice: Which type of brain matter would you find in the spinal cord? A) Grey Matter B) White Matter C) Both A and B
C) Both A and B
90
True or False: The amount of grey matter decreases with age.
True
91
What does an increase in white matter typically indicate?
An increase in white matter typically indicates better communication between different brain regions.
92
Fill in the blank: The ______ matter is crucial for the brain's ability to learn and adapt.
grey
93
Which type of brain matter is more abundant in the brain's interior?
White matter
94
Multiple Choice: Which is NOT a function of grey matter? A) Processing sensory information B) Myelination C) Motor control
B) Myelination
95
What technique is often used to study white matter integrity?
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
96
True or False: Grey matter can regenerate more easily than white matter.
False
97
Fill in the blank: Diseases such as ______ can affect the integrity of white matter.
multiple sclerosis
98
What is the relationship between grey matter and intelligence according to some studies?
Some studies suggest that higher intelligence is correlated with greater grey matter volume.
99
Multiple Choice: Which brain region is primarily grey matter? A) Medulla Oblongata B) Thalamus C) Cerebral Cortex
C) Cerebral Cortex
100
What is the role of glial cells found in white matter?
Glial cells support and protect neurons and assist with signal transmission.
101
True or False: The balance between grey and white matter is crucial for optimal brain function.
True
102
Fill in the blank: The brain's ______ matter is essential for learning and memory.
grey
103
What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
To transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
104
True or False: The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system.
True
105
Fill in the blank: The spinal cord extends from the ____ to the ____.
medulla oblongata, lumbar region
106
What structure protects the spinal cord?
The vertebral column (spine).
107
What are the segments of the spinal cord?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
108
Which part of the spinal cord controls reflex actions?
The gray matter.
109
Multiple Choice: Which type of nerve fibers are found in the spinal cord?
A) Sensory, B) Motor, C) Both A and B
110
What is the role of the dorsal roots of spinal nerves?
To carry sensory information into the spinal cord.
111
True or False: The spinal cord is longer than the vertebral column.
False
112
What is the cauda equina?
A bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets at the lower end of the spinal cord.
113
Fill in the blank: The spinal cord is divided into ____ pairs of spinal nerves.
31
114
What is the function of the ventral roots of spinal nerves?
To carry motor information out of the spinal cord.
115
What is the significance of the cervical enlargement?
It supplies nerves to the upper limbs.
116
Multiple Choice: Which area of the spinal cord is responsible for leg movement?
A) Cervical, B) Thoracic, C) Lumbar
117
What is the role of the spinal meninges?
To protect the spinal cord and encase it in cerebrospinal fluid.
118
True or False: The spinal cord contains both gray and white matter.
True
119
What is the function of the central canal in the spinal cord?
To circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
120
Fill in the blank: The spinal cord ends at the level of the ____ vertebra.
L1 or L2
121
What is the function of ascending tracts in the spinal cord?
To carry sensory information to the brain.
122
What is the function of descending tracts in the spinal cord?
To carry motor commands from the brain to the body.
123
Multiple Choice: Which part of the spinal cord is responsible for autonomic functions?
A) Lumbar, B) Thoracic, C) Cervical
124
What is a spinal reflex?
An automatic response to a sensory stimulus that does not require involvement of the brain.
125
True or False: The spinal cord can regenerate after injury.
False
126
What is the role of interneurons in the spinal cord?
To connect sensory and motor neurons and process information.
127
Fill in the blank: The ____ is a protective layer surrounding the spinal cord.
dura mater
128
What is the role of the pia mater?
To closely adhere to the surface of the spinal cord and contain blood vessels.
129
What is a neuron?
A neuron is a specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses in the nervous system.
130
True or False: Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.
True
131
Fill in the blank: The part of the neuron that receives signals is called the ______.
dendrite
132
What is the function of the axon?
The axon transmits electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body.
133
What is myelin?
Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates axons and increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission.
134
What are the two main types of neurons?
Sensory neurons and motor neurons.
135
Multiple Choice: Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus? A) Axon B) Dendrite C) Cell body
C) Cell body
136
What is the role of synapses in neuronal communication?
Synapses are the junctions where neurons communicate with each other through neurotransmitters.
137
True or False: Neurons can regenerate after being damaged.
False
138
Fill in the blank: The gap between two neurons is known as the ______.
synaptic cleft
139
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine
140
What is the function of sensory neurons?
Sensory neurons transmit sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system.
141
Multiple Choice: Which type of neuron carries signals from the brain to muscles? A) Sensory neurons B) Motor neurons C) Interneurons
B) Motor neurons
142
What are interneurons?
Interneurons are neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system.
143
True or False: All neurons are identical in structure.
False
144
Fill in the blank: Neurons communicate using chemical messengers called ______.
neurotransmitters
145
What is action potential?
Action potential is a rapid change in the electrical charge of a neuron that propagates along the axon.
146
What is the resting potential of a neuron?
The resting potential is the electrical charge difference across the neuron's membrane when it is not transmitting signals.
147
Multiple Choice: Which ion is primarily responsible for the depolarization of a neuron during an action potential? A) Sodium B) Potassium C) Calcium
A) Sodium
148
What happens during repolarization of a neuron?
During repolarization, potassium ions exit the neuron, restoring the negative internal charge.
149
Fill in the blank: The ______ is the protective covering of the axon that aids in faster signal transmission.
myelin sheath
150
What is the significance of the nodes of Ranvier?
Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath that facilitate rapid conduction of action potentials.
151
True or False: Neurons can be classified based on their function.
True
152
What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?
Glial cells support and protect neurons, providing structural and nutritional support.
153
Multiple Choice: Which type of glial cell forms myelin in the central nervous system? A) Oligodendrocytes B) Astrocytes C) Microglia
A) Oligodendrocytes
154
What occurs at the synaptic terminal of a neuron?
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft to transmit signals to the next neuron.
