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Brain Anatomy 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What three structures make up the brainstem

A

Midbrain, medulla and pons

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2
Q

Embryologically, which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem?

A

Rhombocephalon and myencephalon

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3
Q

What cavities of the ventricular system lie within the brainstem

A

4th ventricle and cerebral aqueduct

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4
Q

Which cranial nerves can you see emerging from the pontomedullary junction?

A

Abducens, facial and vestibulocochlear

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5
Q

Which cranial nerve emerging from the pontomedullary junction has the longest intracranial course?

A

Abducens

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6
Q

What is the function of the pyramids?

A

Contain the motor fibres of the corticospinal and corticobulbar

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7
Q

What is the function of the decussation of the pyramids?

A

Where most of the tracts cross over (decussation)

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8
Q

What is the function of the olives?

A

Contain the inferior olivar nucleus - receives input from the motor and sensory cortices

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9
Q

Is the open part of the medulla superior or inferior?

A

Inferior

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10
Q

Is the closed part of the medulla superior or inferior?

A

Superior

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11
Q

What structure does the open part of the medulla open into?

A

4th ventricle

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12
Q

Through which foramen does the medulla pass to become the spinal cord?

A

Foramen magnum

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13
Q

What part of the brain lies immediately superior to the midbrain?

A

Diencephalon

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14
Q

What structure lies immediately inferior to the midbrain?

A

Pons

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15
Q

What type of fibres make up the cerebral peduncles?

A

Nerve fibres going from the cerebral hemispheres to the pons

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16
Q

What structures make up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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17
Q

Which parts of the brain does the diencephalon lie between?

A

Cerebrum and midbrain

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18
Q

What is the name given to the midline structure connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Vermis

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19
Q

What parts of the brainstem are connected to the cerebellum via the peduncles?

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla

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20
Q

Which ventricle lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum?

A

4th ventricle

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21
Q

Which cranial fossa is the cerebellum in contact with?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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22
Q

Which foramen does the cerebellum sit above?

A

Foramen magnum

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23
Q

What is the name of the pituitary stalk?

A

Infundibulam

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24
Q

What is the name of the fissure that seperates the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal hemisphere

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25
Which structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
26
What type of nerve fibres are found in the corpus callosum?
Commisural fibres
27
Which fold of dura mater seperates the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
28
Which lobe of the brain contains the primary motor cortex?
Frontal
29
Which lobe of the brain contains the primary visual cortex?
Occipital
30
Which lobe of the brain contains the primary sensory cortex?
Parietal
31
Which lobe of the brain contains the primary auditory cortex?
Temporal
32
At what level does the spinal cord terminate in an adult?
L1/2
33
At what level does the spinal cord terminate in a newborn?
L2/3
34
At what vertebral level does the dura mater terminate?
S2/3
35
At what vertebral level does the arachnoid mater terminate?
S2/3
36
What happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord?
Attaches to the coccyx (filum terminale)
37
At what vertebral level would you perform a lumbar puncture on an adult?
L3/4
38
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
39
From which arteries do the left and right vertebral arteries arise?
Subclavian
40
At what vertebral level do the ICAs arise?
C3/4
41
How is the basilar artery formed and which part of the brainstem is it closely related to?
Left and right artery confluences - pons
42
In which groove does the anterior cerebral artery travel?
Longitudinal fissure
43
In which groove does the middle cerebral artery travel?
Lateral fissure
44
In which groove does the posterior cerebral artery travel?
Calcarine sulcus
45
Which artery supplies the primary motor cortex?
Middle cerebral artery
46
Which artery supplies the primary sensory area?
Middle cerebral artery
47
Which artery supplies the primary visual cortex?
Calcarine artery (posterior cerebral)
48
Which artery supplies the primary auditory cortex?
Middle cerebral artery
49
Which artery supplies the area of olfaction?
Anterior cerebral artery
50
Which areas of the brain are supplied by the vertebro-basilar system?
Brain stem, occipital lobes and cerebellum
51
What veins drain into the cavernous sinus?
Middle cerebral, sphenoparietal, superior and inferior ophthalmic and cortical vein
52
From which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery?
Vertebral arteries
53
What fluid circulates in the subarachnoid space?
CSF
54
Besides CSF, what structures are found in the subarachnoid space?
Connective tissue trabeculae and intercommunicating blood vessel channels
55
Which structures does the falx cerebri separate?
Cerebral hemispheres
56
To which bony structures does the falx cerebri attach anteriorly?
Cristal gali and frontal processes
57
Which dural venous sinus runs within the upper border of the falx cerebri?
Superior sagittal sinus
58
Which dural venous sinus runs along the lower border of the falx cerebri?
Inferior sagittal sinus
59
What structures lie on either side of the tentorium cerebelli ?
Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum
60
To what bony points does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to?
Petrous part of the temporal bone and transverse sulci of the occipital bone
61
Which dural venous sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium?
Straight sinus
62
What is the dural fold that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres?
Falx cerebelli
63
What fold of dura surrounds the pituitary stalk?
Sella turcica
64
Through which foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranial cavity?
Foramen spinosum
65
Which artery is the maxillary artery a terminal branch of and where is it given off?
ECA - in the parotid gland
66
In which part of the brain does the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle lie?
Frontal lobe of the cerebrum
67
In which part of the brain does the body of the lateral ventricle lie?
Frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum
68
In which part of the brain does the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle lie?
Parietal and occipital lobes of the cerebrum
69
In which part of the brain does the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle lie?
Temporal lobe of the cerebrum
70
Where does the foramen of Monro (interventricular foramen)?
Cerebrum
71
In which part of the brain does the 3rd ventricle lie?
Diencephalon
72
In which part of the brain does the cerebral aqueduct lie?
Midbrain
73
In which part of the brain does the 4th ventricle lie?
Between the brainstem and the cerebellum
74
What structures lie in the ventricles and produce CSF?
Choroid plexus
75
How does the CSF pass into the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle?
Through small foramina
76
Where is CSF reabsorbed back into the general circulation?
Arachnoid villa into the superior sagittal sinus
77
What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum?
Rostrum, genu, body and splenium
78
What is the septum pellucidum?
A thin sheet that lies in the midline and separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles
79
What is the fornix?
A bundle of fibres which links the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
80
What is the thalamus?
A sensory relay area made up of smaller masses of grey matter nuclei
81
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Releasing hormones, regulating body temperature, maintaining physiological cycles, controlling appetites, managing sexual behaviour and regulating emotional responses
82
What fold of dura lies immediately over the pituitary gland?
Sella diaphragm
83
Where are the colliculi in relation to the pineal gland?
Inferior
84
What structures constitute the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and substantia nigra
85
What is the internal capsule made up of?
Myelinated axons (white matter)
86
Which fibres connect the cerebral hemispheres to other parts of the brain?
Projection fibres
87
Which fibres connect parts of the one hemisphere together?
Association
88
Which cerebral artery supplies the internal capsule?
Middle cerebral artery
89
Where is the red nucleus found in relation to the substantia nigra?
Posterior
90
What fibres do the cerebral peduncles contain?
Corticospinal: Large ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts
91
Which part of the pyramidal tract of the pons contains the medial lemniscus?
Anterior
92
Which fibres make up the pyramid and olive of the medulla?
Corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts (motor fibres)
93
What are the distinguishing features of the cervical spinal cord?
Anterior horn is larger than in thoracic and it is mostly white matter. The spinal cord is very thick here
94
What are the distinguishing features of the thoracic spinal cord?
Thinnest part with the least amount of grey matter
95
What are the distinguishing features of the lumbar spinal cord?
Thick dorsal root and large areas of grey matter
96
What are the distinguishing features of the sacral part of the spinal cord?
Large amounts of grey matter and bulgy shape
97
Which part of the spinal cord receives sensory nerve fibres?
Dorsal horn
98
Which part of the spinal cord projects motor fibres?
Ventral horn
99
What is the name of the hole in the middle of the spinal cord and what does it contain?
Central canal - contains ependymal cells

Nervous System (16 decks)

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