Brain anatomy

Question 1

what artery sits infront of the brainstem on a sagittal view

Answer 1

basillar

Question 2

where is the fourth ventricle on a sgaittal image of brain

Answer 2

between midbrain and cerebellum

Question 3

what is a cistern

Answer 3

expansions of the subarachnoid space, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), located between the arachnoid and pia mater of the brain and spinal cord. They act as reservoirs for CSF and allow it to circulate freely between different compartments. T

Question 4

what sits between the pre and post central gyri

Answer 4

central sulcus

Question 5

where is the limbic lobe

Answer 5

collection of stuctures

on a saggital view - beneatgh paritetal and frontal lobes, above corpus callosul

Question 6

pineal galnd

Answer 6

circadium rhythm

behind hypothlaaums

Question 7

mammillary bodies

Answer 7

a pair of small, round brainstem nuclei located in the hypothalamus and are crucial for memory, particularly spatial and episodic memor

Question 8

arnold chiari malformation

Answer 8

condition affecting the rbian, constsists of a downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum causing non-communication hydrocephalus as a result of obstruction of CSF outflow

Question 9

fucntion of cerebellar tonsil

Answer 9

coordinate movement

Question 10

parasagittal hyperdense mass

Answer 10

meningioma

beingin and slow growing

Question 11

most common primary brain tumour in adults

Answer 11

overall - meningiioa

malignant - glioblastoma

mets more common

Question 12

most common primary brain tumour in children

Answer 12

astrocystoma

malignant - medulloblastoma - cerebellum

Question 13

whwre do meningiomas arise from

Answer 13

arachnoid cap cells from the arachnoid villi

Question 14

precentral gyrus

Answer 14

motor cortex

Question 15

post cental gyrus

Answer 15

sensory cortex

Question 16

hounculus medial to lateral

Answer 16

toe, leg, trunk, shoulder, arm, face, mouth, tongue, larynx and pharynx

genitals most medial for sensory (post central)

Question 17

what layer of meninges is a meningioma attached to

Answer 17

dura

Question 18

meninges layers

Answer 18

out to in

dura
arachnoid
pia

Question 19

flow of csf

Answer 19

lateral ventricle - interventricular oframen (monroe) - third ventricle - cerebral aquaduct (sylvius) - fourth ventricle - lateral (luschka) and medial (magendie) - subarachnoid space - spinal cord/arachnoid villi (superior sagittal sinus)

Question 20

how much csp produced a day

Answer 20

400-600ml

Question 21

how much csf present at any given time

Answer 21

150ml

Question 22

what is the circle of willis?

Answer 22

anastomosis at the base of the brain between 2 internal carotid and 2 vertebral arteries

Question 23

what is the circle of willis formed by

Answer 23

anterior communicating
anterior cerebral
internal carotid
posteiror communicating
posterior cerebral
termination of basillar arteries

Question 24

brances of ICA

Answer 24

middle cerebral
anterior cerebral
posterior communicatinf
anterior choroidal
opthalmic

Question 25

what does the circle of willis supply

Answer 25

corpus striatum internal capsule diencephalon midbrain

Question 26

what is the basal ganglia

Answer 26

primarily function in motor control, acting as a gatekeeper for voluntary movements by selecting and inhibiting actions. corpus striatum is main component

Question 27

what is the internal capsule

Answer 27

structure made of white matter that relays info between cerebral cortex and the rest of the brain/spinal cord

Question 28

white vs grey matter

Answer 28

grey - most of the cerebral cortex. made up of dendrites and gial cells. pursose is the porcess information and make decisions white matter is made up of myelinated axons responsible for transmitting infdiormation

Question 29

diecephalon

Answer 29

deeper, central part of the forebrain located between the telencephalon and the midbrain, containing structures like the thalamus and hypothalamu

Question 31

vertebral arteries

Answer 31

enter the cranium vis foramen magnum lie in the subarachnoid space ascend on the anterior surface of the medulla unite to form the basillar artery at the base of the pons branches: anterior and posterior spinal Posterior infereior cerebellay

Question 31

basillar artery branches

Answer 31

anterior inferior cerebeallar pontine labrinthine superior cerebellar posterior cerebral

Question 32

internal carotid artery branches

Answer 32

posterior communicating middle cerebrak anterior cerebral ophthalmic anterior choroid

Question 33

entry of vertebral artery into the skull

Answer 33

vertebral artery enters the skull through the foramen magnum crosses transversely across the posterior arch of the atlas

Question 34

vertebral artery course

Answer 34

inside the skull, the 2 vertebral arteries pass upwards, forwards and medially in the subarachnoid space to reach the anterior aspect of the medulla. they then unit at the base of the pons to form the basillar artery

Question 35

what do the vertebral and basillar arteries supply in the brain

Answer 35

medulla cerebellum pons midbrain thalamus occipital cortex

Question 36

which vein drains the dangerous area of the face

Answer 36

inferior ophthalmic

Question 37

where does the ICA enter the skull and what is its course

Answer 37

travels int he cartid sheath in the neck, enters through the carotid canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone, traverses the foramen lacerum, through the cavernous sinus, gives off the opthalmic artery near the sphenoid bone/clinoid then gives off the posterior communcating artery as it terminates into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries

Question 38

what branch is given off byt he ICA before ACA and MCA

Answer 38

ophthalmic

Question 39

what is a berry aneurysm and what would a rupture cause

Answer 39

saccular aneurysm ofeten found at junctions of arteries. common in circle of willis. would cause SAH

Question 40

signs of an MCA infarct

Answer 40

hemiplegia lower 1/2 contralateral face hemiplegia contralateral side aphasia if dominant hemisphere

Question 41

why are some patients asymptomatic from a carotid occlusion

Answer 41

intact circle of willis allows contrallateral spply

Question 42

anterior attachment of tentorium cerebelli

Answer 42

petrous temporal bone

Question 43

vessel supplying inner table of temporal bone

Answer 43

middle meningeal artery

Question 44

penetrated with a pre-central gyrus tumous

Answer 44

pareital

Question 45

aggressive form of glioma

Answer 45

glioblastoma multiforme

Question 46

relationship between ICP and occulomotor

Answer 46

increase in ICP = occulomotor nerve palsy = dilated pupil

Question 47

muscles supplied by the occulomotor nerve

Answer 47

superior rectum inferior rectum medial rectus inferior oblique sphincter pupillae mullers muscleu (sympathetic fibres)

Question 48

mullers muscle

Answer 48

The superior tarsal muscle, also known as the Müller muscle, is an accessory smooth muscle that allows for the retraction and elevation of the upper eyelid affected in horner's syndrome

Question 49

horner's syndrome

Answer 49

Horner syndrome is a rare condition classically presenting with partial ptosis (drooping or falling of the upper eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), and facial anhidrosis (absence of sweating) due to a disruption in the sympathetic nerve supply.

Question 50

paralysis of occulomotor nerve

Answer 50

eye is displaced downward and outwards LR maintains tone (CNVI) SO maintains tone (CN4) ptosis mydriasis

Question 51

what structure is the occulomotor nerve pressed against

Answer 51

superior anterir portion of petrous part of temporal bone, where the tentorium cerebelli attaches

Question 52

structures passing through superior orbital fissue

Answer 52

III IV V1 ( opthalmic - lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary) VI opthalmic veins superior and inferior