Brain and Behavior Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
The 💡master control for the entire body and the 💡starting
point for virtually all behavior is probably one of the most complex and challenging topics for anyone to study.
Its myriad neurons dozens of chemical messengers and infinite interconnections provide the fascination that attracts neuroscientists to study it.
A
BRAIN
2
Q
💡Front part of the brain; involved in 💡planning, 💡organizing, 💡problem solving, 💡selective attention, 💡personality and a variety of 💡”higher cognitive functions” including 💡behavior and emotions.
A
FRONTAL LOBE
3
Q
It is called the 💡prefrontal cortex.
It is very important for the 💡higher cognitive functions and the 💡determination of the personality.
A
Anterior (Front) Portion
4
Q
It consists of the 💡premotor and 💡motor areas.
A
Posterior (Back) Portion
5
Q
Nerve cells that produce 💡movement are located in?
A
Motor areas
6
Q
They serve to 💡modify movements
A
Premotor Areas
7
Q
Parts of the Frontal Lobe
A
Precentral Gyrus Broca's Area Supplementary Motor Area Prefrontal area Paracentral Lobule
8
Q
Precentral Gyrus Function:
A
Motor cortex; contralateral movement - face, arm, leg, trunk
9
Q
Precentral Gyrus Impairment
A
Monoplegia or hemiplegia (depending on extent of damage)
10
Q
Broca’s Area Function
A
Dominant hemisphere - expressive center for speech.
11
Q
Broca’s Area Impairment
A
(Inferior part of dominant frontal lobe)
- Results in Broca’s dysphasia
12
Q
Supplementary Motor Area Function
A
Contralateral head and eye turning
13
Q
Supplementary Motor Area Impairment
A
Paralysis of head and eye movement to opposite side.
Head turns towards diseased hemisphere and eyes look in the same direction.
14
Q
Prefrontal Area Function
A
Personality, initiative
15
Q
Prefrontal Area Impairement
A
Damage is often bilateral , change in personality with antisocial behavior/ loss of inhibitions.
16
Q
Paracentral Lobule Function
A
Cortical inhibition of bowel and bladder voiding
17
Q
Paracentral Lobule Impairment
A
Damage to posterior part of the superior frontal gyrus results in incontinence of urine and feces
Loss of cortical inhibition
18
Q
3 Prefrontal Syndromes are recognized:
A
Orbitofrontal Syndrome (DISINHIBITED)
Frontal Convexity Syndrome (Apathetic)
Medial Frontal Syndrome (AKINETIC)
19
Q
Orbitofrontal Syndrome (DISINHIBITED)
A
Disinhibition, impulsive behavior Poor Judgement Emotional Lability Distractibility
20
Q
Frontal Convexity Syndrome (Apathetic)
A
Apathy
Indifference
Poor abstract thought
21
Q
Medial Frontal Syndrome (AKINETIC)
A
Akinetic
Incontinent
Sparse verbal output
22
Q
One of the two parietal lobes of the brain located behind the frontal lobe at the top of the brain
A
PARIETAL LOBE
23
Q
The non-dominant parietal lobe is important in the __ and the __.
A
Concept of body image
Awareness of the external environment
24
Q
The ability to construct shapes, etc. results from such __.
A
Visual/proprioceptive skills
25
The dominant parietal lobe is implicate in the __.
Skills of handling numbers/calculation
26
It receives 💡afferent pathways for appreciation of 💡posture, 💡touch, and 💡passive movement.
Postcentral Gyrus (Granular Cortex)
27
It make up part of 💡Wernicke’s language area.
This is the 💡receptive area where 💡auditory and visual aspects of comprehension are integrated.
Supramarginal and Angular Gyri (dominant hemisphere)
28
-
Wernicke's Area
29
The fibers of the 💡optic radiation (lower visual field) – pass deep through the parietal lobe.
The visual pathways
30
Disease of either dominant or non-dominant sensory
cortex (postcentral gyrus) will result in 💡contralateral
disturbance of cortical sensation:
Postural sensation disturbed
Sensation of passive movement disturbed
Discrimination between one and two points (normally 4mm on finger tips) is lost
Appreciation of size, shape, texture, and weight may be affected with difficulty in distinguishing coins placed in hand, etc. (astereognosis).
31
It is when 💡two stimuli, 💡one applied to each side (e.g.
light touch to the palm of the hand) simultaneously, the patient is 💡only aware of that one contralateral to the normal parietal lobe
As the 💡gap between application of stimuli is increased (approaching 2-4 seconds) the patient becomes aware of both
Perceptual rivalry (sensory inattention)
32
Damage to the optic radiation deep in the parietal lobe will produce a __.
Lower homonymous quadrantanopia
33
● It is important in the concept of 💡body image and the 💡awareness of the external environment.
● The ability to construct shapes etc. results from such visual/proprioceptive skills.
Non-dominant PARIETAL LOBE
34
Non-dominant PARIETAL LOBE Impairment
● No longer aware of opposite limbs- even when densely hemiparetic; denies weakness- 💡Anosognosia
● Difficulty in dressing, e.g. getting arms into pajamas- 💡Dressing Apraxia
● Disturbance of geographical memory- 💡Geographical Agnosia (e.g.
patient cannot find his bed in ward)
● Cannot copy geometrical pattern- 💡Constructional Apraxia.
35
● It is implicated in the skills of 💡handling numbers/ calculation.
Dominant PARIETAL LOBE
36
Dominant PARIETAL LOBE Impairment
● GERSTMANN’S SYNDROME
● Finger Agnosia
● Acalculia
● Agraphia
37
Confusion of 💡right and left limbs
GERSTMANN’S SYNDROME
38
Difficulty in distinguishing💡fingers on hand
Finger Agnosia
39
Disturbance of 💡calculation
Acalculia
40
Disturbance of 💡writing
Agraphia
41
Help in sorting new information and are believed to be responsible for 💡short-term memory
TEMPORAL LOBE
42
💡Verbal memory (i.e., memory for words and names)
Left TEMPORAL LOBE
43
💡Visual memory (i.e., memory for pictures and faces)
Right TEMPORAL LOBE
44
It lies on the 💡upper surface of the superior temporal gyrus, 💡buried in the lateral sulcus (Heschl’s gyrus)
Auditory Cortex
45
It is important in the 💡hearing of language
Auditory Cortex (dominant hemisphere)
46
It is important in the 💡hearing of sounds, rhythm, and music.
Auditory Cortex (non-dominant hemisphere)
47
Close to the auditory cortex labyrinthine function is represented
True
48
Auditory Cortex Impairment
Cortical Deafness
Auditory hallucinations
may occur in temporal lobe disease
49
Lesions which involve surrounding association
areas may result in 💡difficulty in hearing spoken words (dominant) or 💡difficulty in appreciating rhythm/music (nondominant)
AMUSIA
50
They are concerned with 💡learning and memory
Middle and Inferior Temporal Gyri
51
Middle and Inferior Temporal Gyri Impairment
Disturbance of memory/learning
Disordered memory may occur in complex partial seizures either after the
vent – postictal amnesia – or in the event – déjà vu, jamais vu
52
-
Déjà vu
53
-
Jamais vu
54
Limbic Lobe
The inferior and medial portions of the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus
55
The 💡sensation of olfaction is mediated through this structure as well as 💡emotional / affective behavior
Limbic Lobe/ System
56
They pass 💡deep in the temporal lobe around the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle.
Visual Pathways
57
Visual Pathways Impairment
Homonymous quadrantanopia
Wernicke’s dysphasia.
58
Damage to the 💡optic radiation will produce an __.
Homonymous quadrantanopia
59
Dominant hemisphere lesions are associated with __
Wernicke’s dysphasia
60
The main function is, to 💡control the perception of vision.
OCCIPITAL LOBE
Mnemonics: occipital- ocular (Eye)
61
The visual cortex lies along the pathway of __ also called as __ due to highly striated appearance.
“Calcarine Sulcus”
| “Striate cortex”
62
Partial loss of vision
Cortical blindness
63
2 types Cortical blindness:
Congenital
| Acquired
64
It is due to 💡perinatal stoke in baby (usually during labor or a week after birth)
Congenital Cortical blindness
65
It is due to the 💡loss of blood supply to occipital lobe.
Acquired Cortical blindness
66
Migraine -> due to occipital lobe -> visual hallucinations
Migraine -> due to occipital lobe -> visual hallucinations
67
Also in Epilepsy when seizure source on occipital cortex.
Also in Epilepsy when seizure source on occipital cortex.
68
The objects seems 💡different from actually it is
Illusion
69
The 💡false perception of absent thing
Hallucination
70
The objects appear 💡smaller than they are.
Micropsia
71
The objects appear 💡larger than they are
Macropsia
72
💡Unable to recognize faces (even oneself), naming of objects, match colors.
Prosopagnosia
73
The lower extension of the brain where it 💡connects to the spinal cord.
It is the 💡pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain.
BRAIN STEM
74
BRAIN STEM Function
For survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure)
For arousal (being awake and alert)
75
Most of the __ come from the brainstem.
Cranial nerves
76
It contains the 💡respiratory, 💡vasomotor and 💡cardiac centers, as well as many mechanisms for 💡controlling reflex activities such as 💡coughing, 💡gagging, 💡swallowing and 💡vomiting.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
77
MEDULLA OBLONGATA Function:
Functions primarily as a relay station for the crossing of motor tracts between the spinal cord and the brain.
78
It is a 💡bridge-like structure which 💡links different parts of the brain and serves as a 💡relay station from the medulla to the higher cortical structures of the brain.
It contains the 💡respiratory center.
PONS
79
It serves as the 💡nerve pathway of the cerebral hemispheres and contains 💡auditory and 💡visual reflex centers.
MIDBRAIN
80
MIDBRAIN contains centers for:
Postural reflexes
| Righting reflexes
81
It concerned with the 💡position of the head in relation to the trunk and with the 💡adjustments of the extremities and the eyes to the position of the head
Postural reflexes
82
It concerned with the 💡orientation of the head in space
Righting reflexes
83
MIDBRAIN
| Two major ascending dopaminergic pathways:
Nigrostriatal Pathway
| Mesolimbic Pathway
84
Fibers arising from the💡substantia nigra and
| travelling to the 💡neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
Nigrostriatal Pathway
85
Positive Symptoms
Fibers that arise from the💡ventral tegmental area of
the midbrain and ascend to the frontal and 💡limbic regions of the forebrain
Mesolimbic Pathway
86
Negative Symptoms
Mesocortical Pathway
87
Prolactin function
Tubulo-infundibular Pathway
88
Eating disorder
Hypothalamic Pathway
89
The antipsychotic effects of neuroleptic agents are
| mediated by __ in the mesolimbic pathways
Postsynaptic dopamine blockade
90
BRAIN STEM Parts:
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PONS
MIDBRAIN
91
- A functional component of 💡reticular formation.
- It includes 💡centrally located areas of the brain stem from the caudal medulla to the diencephalons.
- It receives input from 💡all sensory pathways.
RETUCULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
92
Function of RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
- Cortical arousal and reception of stimuli
o Arousal: establishment and maintenance of an awake state.
- Important in sleep, attention, memory, and habituation (gradual adaptation to a stimulus)
93
Composed of both 💡cortical and 💡subcortical tissues
Closely associated with the temporal and frontal lobes
and the ANS
Shell shaped
LIMBIC SYSTEM
94
It is involved in the control of many 💡vegetative functions (e.g. regulation of body temperature, thirst, hunger)
Hypothalamus
95
LIMBIC SYSTEM FUNCTION:
Elaboration of impulses to and from higher cortical centers
Important role in mediating 💡emotions
96
DYSFUNCTIONS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM:
* Irritative lesions associated with psychomotor seizures
* Hippocampal lesions can result in memory deficits
* Dysrhythmia (seizure-like activity) in LS may be associated with episodic psychoses
97
LIMBIC SYSTEM PARTS:
```
Hippcampus Subiculum
Fornix
Hypothalamus
Anterior nuclei of the thalamus
Septum
Amygdala
Cingulate Gyrus
```
98
💡Learning and memory
| Sends hippocampal input on to the cortex
Hippcampus Subiculum
99
Tract from hippocampus to the hypothalamus (some fibers tot the thalamus),. 💡tying cortical input to the autonomic and endocrine systems
Fornix
100
💡Receives input from tha hippocampus, amygdala, and brain stem. Projects reciprocally and also to the spinal cord and pituitary. Regulates the 💡physiologic correlates of emotion. It is also important for 💡water and 💡weight balance, 💡reproduction, and 💡growth
Hypothalamus
101
Receives input from the 💡mammillothalamic tract and 💡fornix and 💡projects to cingulate cortex, providing a 💡key connection between hypothalamus and cortex.
Anterior nuclei of the thalamus
102
💡Connects to hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus.
Septum
103
💡Recieves input from the hypothalamus, locus ceruleus, and substantia nigra and 💡projects to the cortex, striatum, and many limbic structures.
💡Modulates hypothalamic function and has a 💡role in the integration of emotional behavioral, and autonomic responses.
Amygdala
104
Projects to the hippocampus through the 💡entorhinal cortex, completing the circuit that starts at the hippocampus.
💡Helps regulate emotion and pain
Response to 💡unpleasant experiences.
💡Prediction or avoidance of negative consequences, an important feature of memory
Cingulate Gyrus
105
These are primarily used to include and exclude organic factors that could be contributing to psychiatric symptomatology.
Brain Imaging Studies
106
Brain Imaging Techniques
```
Computerized Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
```
107
Computerized Tomography (CT) key features:
Detection of intracranial mass lesions, intracranial calcification, skull fracture
108
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) key features:
Coronal, sagittal, transverse images for detection of subtle lesions including tumors, strokes and demyelinization...
109
Measures regional cerebral blood flow.
| Assessment of stroke and in discriminating Alzheimer's Disease from multi-infarct dementia
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
110
Measures localized metabolic activity by measuring regional glucose utilization.
Research tool with superior image resolution
Positron Emission Topography (PET)
111
Assess seizure activity measure of brain electrical activity
Electroencephalography (EEG)
