Brain and behaviour

Question 1

What are the neural correlates of memory?

Answer 1

Episodic memory: involves the medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus and the parahippocampal cortex

Question 2

Name and define each of the stages of the memory process.

Answer 2

Registration– input from senses into the memory system Encoding – processing and combining of received information Storage – holding of that input in the memory system
Retrieval – recovering stored information from the memory system (remembering)

Question 3

State two strategies for enhancing memory.

Answer 3

By assimilation – linking words with previous knowledge/giving words a meaning Learn by mnemonics

Question 4

What are the two types of long-term memory?

Answer 4

Non-declarative (implicit)– familiarity with something, knowledge of how to interact with object or in situation without thinking about it  Called procedural memory for actions and behaviours  Complex activities can be carried out without thinking Declarative– store of our knowledge

Question 5

What are the two types of declarative memory?

Answer 5

Episodic– memory related to personal experience (e.g. knowing what you did last night) Semantic– memory for facts and what we think of as general knowledge (e.g. knowing the capital of France)

Question 6

What are the types of non-declarative memory?

Answer 6

Procedural Priming Conditioning Non-associative learning

Question 7

What areas of the brain are mainly associated with language?

Answer 7

95% of right-handed people have left-hemisphere dominance for language 18.8% of left-handed people have right-hemisphere dominance for language function. Additionally, 19.8% of the left-handed have bilateral language functions. ​

Broca’s area- speech production

Wernicke’s area- speech comprehension

Question 8

What are the main types of aphasia?

Answer 8

Broca’s (expressive) Aphasia Wernicke’s (receptive) Aphasia

Question 9

What are the characteristics of Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 9

Non-fluent speech Impaired repetition Poor ability to produce syntactically correct sentences Intact comprehension

Question 10

What are the characteristics of Wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 10

Problems in comprehending speech (input or reception of language) Fluent meaningless speech Paraphasias – errors in producing specific words Semantic paraphasias – substituting words similar in meaning (“barn” –“house”) Phonemic paraphasias – substituting words similar in sound (“house” –“mouse”) Neologisms – non words (“galump”) Poor repetition Impairment in writing

Question 11

What is executive functioning

Answer 11

•Executive functioning skills are the mental processes that enable us to

plan,
focus attention,
remember instructions,
juggle multiple tasks successfully.

Question 12

What is dysexecutive syndrome?

Answer 12

•Dysexecutive syndrome involves the disruption of executive function and is closely related to frontal lobe damage

Question 13

What can cause dysexecutive syndrome?

Answer 13

• head trauma,
• tumours,
• degenerative diseases
• cerebrovascular disease
• several psychiatric conditions

Question 14

What are the 3 types of symptoms in dysexecutive syndrome?

Answer 14

• Cognitive
• Emotional
• Behavioural

Question 15

What are the behavioural symptoms associated with dysexecutive syndrome?

Answer 15

• Hypoactivity
• Apathetic
• Emotional bluntness
• Reduced empathy

Question 16

What are the emotional symptoms associated with dysexecutive syndrome?

Answer 16

• Impulsive
• Emotional dysregulation
• Rude, crass, prone to swearing

Question 17

What are the cognitive symptoms associated with dysexecutive syndrome?

Answer 17

• Attentional and working memory difficulties
• Difficulty coping with novel situations and unstructured tasks
• Difficulty switching from task to task
• Difficulty with complex/abstract thinking