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Psyc 1F90 > Brain and Behaviour Unit 5 > Flashcards

Brain and Behaviour Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

two major kinds of cells in the nervous system

A

Neurons

Glial cells

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2
Q

What are Neurons

A

Cells specialized to receive, process and transmit information with electrical and chemical signals
Have about 100 billion- each has about a thousand connections to other neurons

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3
Q

Major parts of neuron

A

Soma (cell body)
Dendrites
Axon
Nerves
Myelin sheath
Axon terminals

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4
Q

Soma (cell body)

A

Life support centre, provides energy for neurons

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

Off of the soma (cell body)

gather incoming messages from other neurons, which influences the messages sent by the neurons its attached to

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6
Q

Axon

A

Off of the soma (cell body)
Each neuron only has one axon , but they branch

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7
Q

Nerves

A

Bunch of axons bundled together

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8
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Wraps around neurons and speeds up pace of signals sent by the neurons

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9
Q

Conduction

A

Electrical signals (action potential)

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10
Q

Resting potential

A

-70 millivolts
Neuron is in an inactive state

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11
Q

Ions

A

Molecules with a positive or negative electrical charge

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12
Q

Axon

A

Negative charge inside, positive charge outside
Due to different concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell

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13
Q

Sodium

A

Na+

More sodium + outside the cell at resting potential

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14
Q

Sodium potassium pumps

A

maintain negative charges inside axon - 3+ ions out, 2- ions in

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15
Q

Ion channels

A

gates in axon membrane, block most ions from entering unless open

Sodium ions channels closed at resting potential (that’s why - inside at resting)

Axon membranes are barriers to some ions (sodium cannot pass through but water and oxygen/co2 can)

How to open ion channels?
Changes in electrical charge- voltage gated Threshold of excitation(blue part): -50 millivolts
Voltage at which sodium ion channels open

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16
Q

Action potential

A

Neurons fired (electrical signal)
Electrical charge inside axon briefly becomes positive and outside negative

Note contrast with action potential
Increase voltage to +40 millivolts inside axon: (max green part)

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17
Q

All or nothing law

A

If the neuron fires and a action potential is generated, it always reaches +40 millivolts, so you either get one or you don’t
Either resting -70 or action potential +40

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18
Q

Propagation of action potential

A

Action potential move down the axon from cell body to the axon terminals (like dominos or wave at a hockey game)
Same thing happens over and over, the action potential follows through the axon

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19
Q

Negative after-potential and refractory period

A

The positive charge from the action potential is just a brief change, this is a bigger one

negative electrical charge after an action potential is more negative then the resting potential
Sodium ion channels close : this brings the axon back to a negative charge:
Axon repolarizes: potassium ion channels open

Refractory period: action potential cannot be triggered during this phase (further away)- resting potential returns after one millisecond

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20
Q

Synapse (gap/cleft)

A

Gap between the axon terminal of the presynaptic (sending) neuron and the dendrites of the postsynaptic (receiving neuron)

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21
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Located in the presynaptic neuron
Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are stored here

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22
Q

Axon terminal

A

Release neurotransmitters into synapse when action potential reaches the axon terminal

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23
Q

Receptor sites

A

on post synaptic dendrite

When neurotransmitters bind to these sites, they affect the level of excitation and therefore whether the postsynaptic neuron fires (reach an action potential)

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Bind to receptor sites

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25
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

ore likely to fire, more likely to initiate action potential
Eg. dopamine, norepinephrine

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26
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

binds to the receptor on the dendrites of the neuron, making it less likely to fire, an action potential less likely
Eg. serotonin, GABA

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27
Q

Reuptakes by transporters

A

Recycle neurotransmitters back into presynaptic neuron that released them

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28
Q

Deactivation

A

enzymes break down the neurotransmitters

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29
Q

Autoreceptors

A

located on the presynaptic neuron, neurotransmitters bind to them allowing the autoreceptors to detect if there is enough/too much it signals it to slow down or stop

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30
Q

Medication and neurotransmitters

A

Drug therapies
Targets neurotransmitters
Example:
SSRIs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Serotonin influences mood

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31
Q

Two divisions of nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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32
Q

Brain

A

Receives sensory info, makes decisions and commands muscles, organs and glands to take action

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33
Q

Spinal cord

A

Relays brains commands to move muscles
Relays sensations front he skin and muscles to the brain

Paralysis shows its importance, not being able to feel touch or pain or control muscles below the injury
Controls automatic reflexes- touching a hot surface, automatic reflex away- If brian is not involved, you can act more quickly

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34
Q

Peripheral nervous system:

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS) encompasses all components of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord.

This includes nerves, ganglia (clusters of nerve cell bodies), and other neural structures that extend throughout the body.

35
Q

Somatic nervous system:

A

Nerves that allow control of voluntary muscles
Nerves that carry sensory information from skin, muscles and joints to CNS

36
Q

Autonomic nervous system:

A

Controls involuntary bodily functions through organs and glands

37
Q

Sympathetic branch

A

arouses body to prepare for challenging situations

38
Q

parasympathetic branch

A

helps the body to return to normal arousal levels when the emergency is over.

Note some of the bodily effects that occur when the parasympathetic branch is activated, to illustrate its “rest and digest” functions.

Undoing a lot of what the sympathetic system does

39
Q

Endocrine system

A

Second communication system
Network of glands that release hormones into blood steam
Hormones: chemical changes
Affect biological functions and motives
Slower communication than nervous system (milliseconds)
Seconds → mins

40
Q

Oxytocin and social behavior

A

Released by pituitary gland
Effects breastfeeding, orgasms
Influences social behavior by increasing…
Empathy, sociability, warmth, openness, emotional sharing
Many even influence commitment to romantic relationship
Study of men with a pretty researcher

41
Q

Brain structure is measured with …

A

CT or MRI scans

42
Q

Brain function is measured with …

A

fMRI and PET scans

43
Q

Major divisions of the brain

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
- cerebral cortex
- subcortext

44
Q

Hindbrain

A

Oldest part evolutionary wise

Contains:

Medulla
Reticular formation
Cerebellum
Pons

45
Q

Medulla

A

Vital life functions (breathing, heart rate etc.)

46
Q

Reticular formation

A

Arousal levels and attention (sends alert signals to cortex when needed)

47
Q

Cerebellum (little brain)

A

Fine motor skills
Coordinates movement
Procedural memory ( know memories like riding a bike )

48
Q

Pons

A

Bridge bet cerebellum and rest of brain

49
Q

Midbrain

A

Vital for brain communication
Connects hindbrain to forebrain

50
Q

Brain stem

A

In the midbrain
Midbrain plus pons and medulla in the hindbrain

51
Q

Forebrain

A

Where the subcortex , cerebral cortex are

52
Q

Parts of the Subcortex

A

Thalamus
Basal ganglia
Limerick system 1-4

53
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory and control centre
Relays sensory info to cerebral cortex for further processing
Gets input from all senses except smell
Filters and prioritized info

54
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Doesn’t decide but directs and coordinates
Directs intentional movement
Problems with functioning with Parkinson’s disease (shaky)- Basal ganglia receives faulty info resulting in shaky

55
Q

Limbic system 1

A

Emotion, memory, motives

Hypothalamus
- controls hormones by directing the pituitary gland (master gland) in endocrine system
- regulates bodily functions and motives (blood sugar levels, body temp)
- does by monitoring levels in bloodstream, hunger, thrust, sexual desire

Hippocampus
- creates long-term memory
- abnormalities associated it’s alz disease etc. (smaller hippocampus)

56
Q

Limbic system 2

A

Amygdala: it helps us in danger situations
Emotional processing, associating threatening events with fear
Automatic assessments
Emotional memories through hippocampus
Automatically triggers branch of sympathetic nervous system

57
Q

Limbic system 4

A

Reward circuit
Pathway from midbrain to Limbic system (nucleus accumbens)
- dopamine, related neurons
Associated with pleasure

58
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Upper, outer layer of the brain , contains 70% of neurons
Responsible for language, reasoning, planning
Left and right hemisphere with 4 lobes

59
Q

4 lobes

A

Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe

60
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

61
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing… and language

62
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Touch … somatosensory cortex

63
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Personality/thinking

Prefrontal cortex
- executive functioning, decision making

Primary motor area
- contains voluntary muscle movement, refined by basal ganglia and cerebellum
Ex. Soccer kick, PMA plans movements then BG kicks in

64
Q

Genes

A

Segments of DNA
Provide code production of proteins

65
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threads of DNA on rod-like structures

66
Q

Cell nucleus

A

23 pairs of chromosomes (one set from each parent)

67
Q

DNA

A

Molecular structure with ladder-like chain of organic bases that code genetic information (tells genes what to do)

68
Q

Organic bases

A

Adenine (A) , Thymine (T) , Guanine ( G) , Cytosine (C)

69
Q

Gene expression

A

Determines whether instructions in DNA are read and carried out
2 steps
- transcription ( transcribed into mrna so instructions can be be read and translated to make proteins)
- translation

70
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of genes

71
Q

Homozygous alleles

A

Same version of gene from each parent

72
Q

Heterozygous alleles

A

Different versions of gene from each parent

73
Q

Dominant or recessive

A

Dominant- always expressed

Recessive- only expressed when paired with another

74
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

2 different alleles in a gene gets averaged out (ex. Red + white = pink colour)

75
Q

Codominance

A

2 different alleles, but both get expressed (ex. Blood types/ AB blood)

76
Q

Why do we all look different?

A

Because our assortment of alleles are all different

77
Q

Behaviour - genetic research , twin studies

A

Identical : Share 100% of genes
Fraternal : share about 50%

Results : identical twins more similar based on intelligence and personality

78
Q

Molecular genetic research

A

Examines genes associated with traits

79
Q

Polygenic characteristics

A

Influenced by many ages, each with small effects
Ex. 200+ genes contribute to height

Traits like personality and intelligence are influenced by multiple genes

80
Q

Epigenetic processes

A

Changes in genetic influences due to modifications to gene expression rather than alterations to the genetic code

Can be influenced by environmental factors - stress, trauma, abuse

81
Q

methylation

A

In the epigenetic processes
Gene expression altered by molecules called methyl groups
Influence weather DNA is transcribed into mrna to make proteins

82
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

he capacity of the nervous system to change in response to an experience (learn)

83
Q

Neurogenesisa

A

the brain being capable of creating more new brain cells

84
Q

Describe the action of the 4 endocrine glands.

A

Pituitary gland - influences other glands like the thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries and testes. Regulates digestion, stress response and reproduction, also affects growth.
Pineal gland - produces melatonin
Thyroid gland - regulates metabolism therefore affecting personality
Adrenal glands - controls fear and anger, fight or flight

Psyc 1F90 (5 decks)

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