Brain and Memory (Psych/Soc)

Question 1

3 subunits of the brain

Answer 1

Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

Question 2

Structures of the Forebrain

Answer 2

Cerebral Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Question 3

Structures of the Midbrain

Answer 3

inferior and superiorcolliculi

Question 4

Structures of the Hindbrain

Answer 4

Cerebellum, Medulla Oblongata, Reticular Formation

Question 5

Basic Functions of the Cerebral Cortex

Answer 5

Complex Perceptual, cognative and behavioral processes

Question 6

Basic Functions of the basal ganglia

Answer 6

Movement

Question 7

Basic Functions of the Limbic System

Answer 7

Emotion and memory

Question 8

Basic Functions of the Thalamus

Answer 8

Sensory relay station

Question 9

Basic Functions of the Hypothalamus

Answer 9

Hunger and thirst, emotion

Question 10

Basic Functions of the Inferior and Superior Colliculi

Answer 10

Sensorimotor reflexes

Question 11

Basic Functions of the Cerebellum

Answer 11

Refined motor movements

Question 12

Basic Functions of the Medulla Oblongata

Answer 12

Vital functions (breathing, digestion)

Question 13

Basic Functions of the Reticular Formation

Answer 13

Arousal and Alertness

Question 14

Where are long term memories stored?

Answer 14

Hippocampus

Question 15

Why do extremely long term memories survive hippocampus damage

Answer 15

They are eventually moved back to the cerebral cortex.

Question 16

What type of memory stores conditioned responses

Answer 16

Implicit (Non-declarative/Procedural) Memory

Question 17

What are the 2 types of Explicit memory and what do they store?

Answer 17

Episodic - Events, experiences

Semantic - Facts, concepts

Question 18

What are the Primacy Effects and Recency Effects? Which effect lasts longer?

Answer 18

It is easier to remember the first few and last few items in a list. The primacy effect outlasts the recency effect

Question 19

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 19

Taking away something unpleasant to reward a behavior

Question 20

Positive Punishment

Answer 20

Introducing something unpleasant in order to discourage a behavior

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 21

introducing something pleasant in order to reward a behavior

Question 22

Negative punishment

Answer 22

Taking away something pleasant in order to discourage a behavior

Question 23

What is escape learning

Answer 23

Behavior learned in order to reduce or eliminate something perceived as unpleasant

Question 24

What is avoidance learning?

Answer 24

behavior learned in order to avoid something unpleasant that has yet to happen.

Question 25

What is an example of a conditioned reinforcer

Answer 25

clickers used to train animals

Question 26

What is a fixed ratio (FR) reinforcement schedule? Why is it called a Ratio?

Answer 26

Reinforcement introduced after a fixed number of performances. It is a ratio of Performances:Reward

Question 27

What is a Variable interval (VI) Reinforcement Schedule?

Answer 27

Reinforcement is introduced when the subject has performed the behavior once after a varying amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement was given

Question 28

What is a Variable Ratio (VR) reinforcement schedule? Why is it called a Ratio?

Answer 28

Reinforcement introduced after a varying number of performances with a relatively constant average. It is a ratio of Performances:Reward

Question 29

What is a Fixed Interval (FI) Reinforcement Schedule?

Answer 29

Reinforcement is introduced when the subject has performed the behavior once after a fixed amount of time.

Question 30

Which method of reinforcement is the fastest? The slowest?

Answer 30

Fastest: Variable Ratio Slowest: Fixed Interval

Question 31

What is Shaping?

Answer 31

the process of awarding increasingly specific behavior

Question 32

What is Latent Learning?

Answer 32

Learning w/o a reward that is spontaneously demonstrated when an award is introduced

Question 33

Define Preparedness in the context of learning

Answer 33

the ability for an animal to learn more easily behaviors which coincide with their natural instincts

Question 34

What is Instinctive Drift?

Answer 34

The opposite of Preparedness. (Difficult to teach behavior that is counter-intuitive for the subject)

Question 35

What are Mirror Neurons? Where are they located?

Answer 35

They allow us to mimic movements and "feel" others' emotions. They are located in the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 36

What is modeling

Answer 36

learning what is or isn't acceptable by observing others

Question 37

What are the methods of encoding from strongest to weakest?

Answer 37

Semantic (contextual) Acoustic Visual

Question 38

What is the Self-Reference effect?

Answer 38

The phenomenon that causes it to be easier to remember things when they are put in a context that is meaningful to the learner

Question 39

What type of memory works like RAM in a computer?

Answer 39

Working memory

Question 40

What is the method of loci

Answer 40

Associating items in a list to places in a specific route through a building that has already been memorized

Question 41

What is chunking/Clustering

Answer 41

Grouping larger lists into smaller, more meaningful chunks

Question 42

STOPPED AT PG 6 IN NOTABILITY AT SENSORY MEMORY

Answer 42

STOPPED AT PG 6 IN NOTABILITY AT SENSORY MEMORY