Brain-Cerebrum/Homeostatic disorders

Question 1

The ___ ___ is an outer rim of grey matter containing billions of neurons

Answer 1

Cerebral Cortex

White and Gray matter

Question 2

In the ___ ___, deep to the cortex is cerebral white matter

There is also gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter

Answer 2

Cerebral Cortex

White and Gray matter

Question 3

The cerebral cortex contains folds called a ___

Answer 3

Gyrus

Question 4

A ____ is a shallow groove between gyri

Answer 4

Sulcus

Question 5

Deeper grooves between gyri are termend ___

Answer 5

Fissures

Question 6

The ____ fissure is the most prominent, separating the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

Answer 6

longitudinal

Question 7

The ___ and fissures are formed during embryonic development when the gray matter of the cortex enlarges faster than the deeper white matter

Answer 7

Gyri

Question 8

Each hemisphere communicates by means of a commissure called the ___ ___

Answer 8

Corpus Callosum

Question 9

Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into four lobes, named after the bones that covers each of them

Answer 9

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Question 10

The ___ ___separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Answer 10

Central Sulcus

Question 11

The ___-___ ___ separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

Answer 11

parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 12

The ___ ___ sulcus separates the frontal and temporal lobes

Answer 12

Lateral Cerebral sulcus

Question 13

___ ___ contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

Answer 13

Association Tracts

Question 14

___ ___ contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere. The corpus callosum is an example

Answer 14

Commissural Tracts

Question 15

___ ___ contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS (such as thalamus, brainstem, or spinal cord), or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum. The internal capsule is an example

Answer 15

Projection tracts

Question 16

These are important groups of ___ ___ are
Corpus callosum

Anterior commissure

Posterior commissure

Answer 16

Commissural tracts

Question 17

The ___ ___ is composed of three nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere

Answer 17

Basal ganglia

*Name is an exception to the normal meaning of ganglia, since the term ganglia is usually applied to collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

Question 18

The three nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere of the basal ganglia?

Answer 18

Globus Pallidus
Putamen
Caudate Nucleus

Question 19

The three nuclei of the basal ganglia are further grouped into

Answer 19

-Corpus Striatum- 
(all 3)
Globulus Pallidus
Putamen
Caudate Nucleus

and

-Lentiform-Nucleus (only Globus Pallidus and Putamen)

Question 20

The caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia and the thalamus are separated from the lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia by the ___ ___, a thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus.

Answer 20

Internal Capsule

Question 21

The ___ ___ help regulate initiation and termination of movements, and control inconscient (unconscious) contractions of skeletal muscles, and muscle tone

Answer 21

Basal Ganglia

Question 22

___ ___, in which melanin-pigmented dopamine-producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate

Answer 22

Parkinsons Disease

Question 23

___ ___ which primarily involves damage to the corpus striatum

Answer 23

Huntington’s Disease

Question 24

Damage to the ___ ___ results in uncontrollable shaking (tremor), muscular rigidity (stiffness), and involuntary muscle movements.

Answer 24

Basal Ganglia

Question 25

The ___ ___ is our emotional, or affective (feelings) brain. It is sometimes called the “emotional brain” because it plays a primary role in a range of emotions: pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger

Answer 25

Limbic System

Question 26

``` Hippocampus Amygdala Limbic lobe Dentate gyrus Cingulate gyrus Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus Olfactory bulbs Fornix ``` are components of the ___ ___

Answer 26

Limbic System

Question 27

The ___ plays an important part in converting new information into long-term memories

Answer 27

Hippocampus

Question 28

The ___ are also involved in behavioral patterns such as docile behavior, rage, presence or absence of fear and aggression, and restlessness

Answer 28

Amygdala (amygdaloid nuclei)

Question 29

___ ___ synapse with the olfactory receptors, and the mammillary bodies are olfactory relay stations

Answer 29

Olfactory bulbs

Question 30

The ___ ___ lies immediately superior to the corpus callosum It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory It coordinates sensory input with emotions, regulates aggressive behavior, and mediates emotional responses to pain

Answer 30

Cingulate Gyrus

Question 31

The ___ is a band of nerve fibers extending from the hippocampus to the mamillary body of the hypothalamus, forming an arch over the thalamus

Answer 31

Fornix

Question 32

It carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus, including transfer of information from the mammillary bodies (of the limbic system) to the hippocampus

Answer 32

Fornix

Question 33

Hippocampal damage can result in ___ ___, which is the loss of ability to form new memories

Answer 33

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 34

The ___ ___ is the “executive suite” of the nervous system, enabling us to communicate, perceive, remember, understand, appreciate, and to initiate voluntary movements.

Answer 34

Cerebral Cortex

Question 35

It is composed only of gray matter—neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons—plus associated glia and blood vessels; there are no fiber tracts

Answer 35

Cerebral Cortex

Question 36

Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with the sensory and motor functions of the opposite (___) side of the body

Answer 36

Contralateral

Question 37

The two hemispheres are mostly symmetrical in structure, but are not totally equal in function. There is ___ (specialization) of cortical function.

Answer 37

Lateralization

Question 38

___ areas communicate (associate) with the motor cortex and other association areas to analyze, recognize, and act on sensory inputs

Answer 38

Association

Question 39

___ ___ ___ receive nerve impulses from sensory neurons without prior filtering or analysis

Answer 39

Primary Sensory Areas

Question 40

Primary motor areas are the originators of voluntary ___ contractions

Answer 40

Muscular

Question 41

___ areas, as a general principle, include cortical areas that do not have the word primary in their name (i.e. secondary sensory, sensory association). They receive input from primary areas and other brain regions, and integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness

Answer 41

Association

Question 42

Areas 44 and 45 in the frontal lobe

Answer 42

Broca's Speech area

Question 43

Area 22, possibly 39 and 40, is a broad region in the temporal and parietal lobes

Answer 43

Wernick's Area

Question 44

It interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words

Answer 44

Wernicke's Area

Question 45

An elaborate numbered mosaic of 52 different cortical areas produced in 1906 based on cytoarchitecture.

Answer 45

Brodmann Areas

Question 46

___ is an inability to use or to comprehend words

Answer 46

Aphasia

Question 47

The ___ cerebral hemisphere of most people, regardless of whether they are right or left handed, contains the language areas (Broca’s speech area, Wernicke’s area, and other language areas)

Answer 47

Left Cerebral Hemisphere

Question 48

Damage to ___ ___ ___ results in non-fluent aphasia, an inability to properly articulate or form words. People with non-fluent aphasia know what they want to say, but can not speak

Answer 48

Broca's Speech Area

Question 49

Damage to ___ ___ results in fluent aphasia, characterized by faulty understanding of spoken or written words. People with fluent aphasia may produce strings of perfectly good words that have no combined meaning (“word salad”)

Answer 49

Wernicke's Area

Question 50

Persons with ___ ___ may exhibit word deafness (inability to understand spoken words), word blindness (inability to understand written words), or both

Answer 50

Fluent Aphasia

Question 51

In about 90% of the population the ___ hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, mathematical abilities, and logic

Answer 51

Left hemisphere

Question 52

The other hemisphere (usually the ___) is more involved in visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and appreciation of art and music

Answer 52

Right hemisphere

Question 53

___ ___ is a disabling senile dementia (the loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself) that affects the elderly The cause is unknown, but appears to be a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental or lifestyle factors, and the aging process itself

Answer 53

Alzheimer disease

Question 54

Loss of neurons that liberate acetylcholine; destruction of neurons of the nucleus basalis is the hallmark of ___ ___

Answer 54

Alzheimer Disease

Question 55

___-___ ___ clusters of abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons

Answer 55

Beta-amyloid plaques

Question 56

___ ___, abnormal bundles of protein filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions

Answer 56

Neruofibrillary Tangles

Question 57

A brain injury characterized by an abrupt but temporary loss of consciousness (seconds to hours), disturbances of vision, and problems with equilibrium, caused by a blow to the head or the sudden stopping of a moving head; the most common brain injury

Answer 57

Concussion

Question 58

Bruising of the brain due to trauma, usually associated with a concussion; includes leakage of blood from microscopic blood vessels

Answer 58

Contusion

Question 59

Charged molecules with an unpaired valence electron

Answer 59

Free radical(s)

Question 60

Localized pool of blood, usually clotted

Answer 60

Hematoma

Question 61

Oxygen deprivation

Answer 61

Hypoxia

Question 62

Localized reduction of blood flow

Answer 62

Ischemia

Question 63

A tear of the brain; results in rupture of large blood vessels, with bleeding into the brain and subarachnoid space

Answer 63

Laceration

Question 64

Pathologic death of living tissue

Answer 64

Necrosis/necrotic

Question 65

Loss of brain function characterized by abrupt onset of neurological symptoms such as paralysis or loss of sensation, due to destruction of brain tissue, commonly caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli, and atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries; also called a stroke

Answer 65

Cerebrovascular Accident

Question 66

Episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to the brain

Answer 66

Transient Ischemic attach (TIA)

Question 67

Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain; may be malignant or benign

Answer 67

Brain Tumor

Question 68

Learning disorder characterized by poor or short attention span, consistent level of hyperactivity, and age inappropriate impulsiveness

Answer 68

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Question 69

Inability to recognize the significance of sensory stimuli such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes, and touch

Answer 69

Agnosia

Question 70

Inability to carry out purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis

Answer 70

Apraxia

Question 71

Condition of functional sluggishness

Answer 71

Lethargy

Question 72

Potentially fatal syndrome that particularly affects the brain and liver, which occurs after a viral infection, especially chickenpox or influenza, most often in children or teens who have taken aspirin

Answer 72

Reye's Synderom (RIZ)

Question 73

Unresponsiveness from which a patient can be aroused only briefly, and only by vigorous and repeated stimulation

Answer 73

Stupor