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Brain/CNS Flashcards

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0
Q

6 lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insular (within the lateral sulcus), limbic (C shaped & circles corpus callosum)

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1
Q

4 main components of the cerebrum

A

cortex = gray matter - sulcis & gyrus
white matter = primarily axons; corpus callosum & internal capsule
basal ganaglia
ventricles

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2
Q

5 main sulci/fissures

what do they seperate

A

longitudinal fissure - two cerebral hemispheres
central sulcus - frontal lobe from parietal lobe
lateral sulcus - frontal lobe from temporal lobe
calcarine sulcus - divides medial surface of occipital lobe into upper cuneus & lower lingula
parieto-occipital sulcus - occipital from parietal:: rostral parietal portion from this line = precuneus

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3
Q

uncal herniation

A

herniation of the uncus (located in the parahippocampal gyrus of the temporal lobe)
herniation under the tentoriu cereblli causes compression of cranial nerve III (occulomotor)

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4
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

precentral gyrus - control voluntary movement

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5
Q

where is the primary somatosensory area located

A

post central gyrus = process somatosensory body information

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6
Q

thalamus

A

-made up of many cells = thalamic nuclei
acts as a relay station for sensory & motor impulses
–> conscious awareness of specific sensory stimuli
–> important in memory, feelings, and emotions

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7
Q

nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL)

A

part of the thalamus

processes somatic sensory info from the body and relays it to primary sensory cortex

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8
Q

hypothalamus - what is it/what’s it do

A

group of cells = hypothalamic nucleus
control/integrate ANS function, control/integrate food intake & endocrine systems
intimately related to the pituitary gland

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9
Q

pineal gland - function & location

A

located in the epithalamus

regulates ciradian rhythms

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10
Q

what are the two ebroylogical outgrowths of the diencephalon?

A

optic nerve (CN II) & a portion of the retina

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11
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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13
Q

midbrain - location & important surface features

origin of what nerves

A

located between the diencephalon & the pons
dorsal surface = tectum - 2 superior colliculi & 2 inferior colliculi

ventral surface = cerebral peduncles (or crus cerebri)

origin of CN III & IV

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13
Q

Medulla oblongata - location, features, CN

A

located between pons and spinal cord
ventral surface = pyramids & olive - connects to the spinal cord & cerebellum (respectively)
CN IX, X & XII

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14
Q

Pons - location, important features, origin of what nerves

A

located between midbrain & medulla
Ventral surface = basis pontis
Dorsal surface = Cerebellar peduncles

Origin of CN V, VI, VII, VIII

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15
Q

Cerebellum - surface features

A

vermis & two lateral hemispheres

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17
Q

basis pontis - location, function

A

ventral surface of pons

fiber tracts interconnecting spinal cord & cerebellum w/ brainstem – corticospinal tracts included

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18
Q

Cerebellar peduncles - location, function

A

dorsal surface of Pons

white matter bundles that are attachemnts for cerebellum - superior, middle & inferior

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19
Q

Tectum - location, function

A

Dorsal surface of midbrain
hold 2 superior colliculi & 2 inferior colliculi = reflex centers for head & neck movement in response to vision/auditory

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20
Q

cerebral peduncles (or crus cerebri) - location, function

A

ventral surface of midbrain

contain corticospinal tract that carries impulses from cortex to pons, medulla & spinal cord

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21
Q

basal ganglia

A

prominent group of neuronal cell bodies lying deep to thee cortex & subcortical white matter

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22
Q

what is the foramen of monroe?

A

also called the interventricular foramen; structure through which the lateral ventricle communicated with the third ventricle

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23
Q

how many lateral ventricles are there

A

2 = one left & one right

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24
Q

what passes through subcortical white matter? via what?

what does white matter contain?

A

all information entering/leaving the cerebral cortex passes through vis. the corona radiata

white matter contains association fibers: commissural & association fibers

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25
Functions of Association fibers - general - long - short
interconnect various areas of the cortex WITHIN the same hemisphere Short = connect one gyrus to an adjacent gyrus Long = connect distant areas of the hemisphere to eachother
26
what is the superior longitudinal fasiculus (arcuate fasciculus) what does it connect
a long association fiber that connects the frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices
27
what is the urnicate fasciculus? what does it connect?
a long association fiber that connects the frontal and temporal lobes
28
Define commissural fibers - what are the 2 main fibers
fibers that interconnect structures on EITHER side of the hemisphere 1. corpus callosum 2. anterior commisure
29
What does the corpus callosum connect? | main anatomical features
interconnects frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes across the hemisphere rostrum, genu, body, splenium
30
what does the anterior commissure connect?
connects parts of the two temporal lobes
31
where is the posterior commissure?
part of the epithalamus found near the base of the pineal gland
32
function and location of anterior white commissure
within the spinal cord | pain and temperature fibers cross here
33
corticofugal axons vs. corticopetal axons - what type of fibers, differences - example of each - organized into what
``` fungal = arise from within cerebral cortex & project to outside targets; ex: corticospinal tract petal = arise outside of cerebrum and project to the cortex; ex: thalamotorical fibers ``` *these fibers are organized into the internal capsule
34
Anatomy of the internal capsule
Anterior limb = separates caudate nucleus from putamen & globus pallidus Posterior limb = seperates thalamus from lenticular nucleus Genu = located @intersection of anterior & posterior limbs
35
3 parts of the internal capsule | what do each hold
Anterior Limb - parts of the limbic system Genu - corticonueclear (corticobulbar) fibers Posterior Limb - corticospinal tracts
36
Lesion to the corticonuclear fibers
motor deficits of cranial nerves, primarily hypoglossal & facial nerve
37
Damage to the posterior limb of the internal capsule
damage causes contralateral hemiplegia and sensory issues lesion = combination of motor & sensory deficits seen on the contralateral side of the lesion
38
what does the internal capsule switch to in the midbrain?
the crus cerebri & the ventral part of the cerebral peduncles
39
what is the main blood supply to the internal capsule? | what are they prone to?
lenticulostriate arteries | frequently involved in stroke
40
what is the most frequent spot for stroke?
posterior limb | results in spastic hemiplegia (muscle) & hemianesthesia (sensory)
41
functions of the CSF
protective cushioning for the brain | provides buoyancy = makes the brain lighter
42
what cells line the ventricles
ependymal cells
43
what do the ventricles hold? | who makes it? how much?
CSF | choroid plexus - 500ml/day
44
what separates the frontal horns of R & L ventricles?
septum pellucidum
45
what are the 5 parts of the lateral ventricles? Where are the ventricles located?
anterior horn, body, posterior horn, inferior horn, atrium/trigone within the cerebral hemisphere
46
where is the 3rd ventricle located where is the cerebral aqueduct? where is the 4th ventricle???
within the diencephalon within the midbrain within the pons & medulla
47
what is obstructive hydrocephalus?
increased pressure due to blocking of the cerebral aqueduct
48
how many openings does the 4th ventricle have? | what does it continue as?
3 openings = foramen Magendie & 2 foramina of Luschka | continues into spinal cord as central canal
49
What is the flow of CSF?
Lateral ventricle --> 3rd ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct --> 4th ventricle (via. foramen Monroe)
50
What is ventriculomegaly?
enlargement of the ventricles caused by a blockage or failure of reabsorption
51
3 things that can cause hydrocephalus
obstruction of flow, decrease in reabsorption, excess CSF production (rare)
52
Noncommunicating vs. communicating hydrocephalus
non= obstruction of flow with ventricles = ventricles can no longer communicate with each other comm = impaired reabsorption in arachnoid granulations or obstruction of flow in subarachnoid space = ventricles can still communicate with each other
53
hydrocephalus ex vacuo
seemingly enlarged ventricles in older individuals because their brain is smaller --- their ventricles actually aren't smaller
54
symptoms of hydrocephalus
headache, nausea, vomiting, cognitive impairment, decreased consciousness, papilledema, decreased vision, sixth nerve palsy ventricular dilation --> may compress brain tissue and lead to symptoms related to the part being compressed
55
what is the attachment for the falx cerebri?
crista galli
56
what contains the inner ear structures
petrous part of the temporal bone
57
what transmit the olfactory nerves
cribriform plate of ethmoid with cribiform foramina (part of the anterior cranial fossa)
58
what fossa contains the brainstem & cerebellum?
posterior cranial fossa
59
3 main functions of the meninges
1. protect the underlying brain and spinal cord 2. provide supporting framework for arteries and veins 3. enclose a fluid filled cavity (subarachnoid space) which is needed for normal function/survival, yah know.
60
3 layers of meninges (most inner to outer)
pia, arachnoid, dura
61
what are arachnoid trabeculae? | what is in here
pillars of arachnoid tissue that extend to the pia, creating subarachnoid space this holds CSF
62
define arachnoid villi & arachnoid granulations
villi = parts of the arachnoid matter that goes into the dural sinus large villi = granulations these are the major site for CSF reabsorption into the circulatory system
63
define subarachnoid cistern. largest one? other primary one?
large portion of subarchnoid space cistern magna = largest one lumbar cistern = place for lumbar puncture
64
potential epidural space vs. true epidural space
potential = exists between the dura & skull; dura is firmly attached to ex: epidural space, subdural space & subarachnoid space inside skull - it is not an actual space unless something goes wrong true = dura is not attached to vertebrae - it is an actual space
65
function of the denticulate ligaments
lateral projects off the pia matter that anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater
66
define epidural space
area between the spinal dura & the periosteum lining of the vertebral canal
67
what is the falx cerebri
sickle-shaped vertical projection of dura that's between the two cerebral hemispheres - attached to the crista galli
68
what is the tentorium cerebelli? | what passes through the tentorial notch?
horizontal projection of dura that forms a tent/roof for the posterior cranial fossa & cerebellum the brainstem passes through
69
what is the diaphragmna sellae | what does the infundibulum connect?
small horizontal projection of dura that forms the roof for the pituitary fossa it conects the pituitary with the hypothalamus
70
define herniation syndrome: | what cavities are important to consider?
it occurs when there is an intracranial event (bleed, etc) that causes an increase in intracranial pressure which forces the brain over the edge of the dura (how? idk.) -supratentorial & infratentorial compartments are important
71
subfalcine herniation
= supratentorial herniation cingulate gyrus & other structures herniate under the falx cerebri due to a unilateral mass lesion
72
uncal herniation
= supratentorial herniation increase in intracranial pressure due to a hematoma; results in herniation of medial temporal lobe through tentorial notch Clinical triad: 1. blow pupil = compression of CN III 2. Hemiplegia = compression of cerebral peduncles (descending corticospinal fibers) 3. Coma = distortion of midbrain reticular formation -- decreased consciousness
73
tonsillar herniation
infratentorial herniation mass increases posterior cranial fossa presence forces the tonsil of the cerebellum to herniate into/through the foramen magnum
74
what causes an epidural hemorrage? symptoms? where does the blood go?
damage (fracture) of the bones on the lateral side of the skull -usually rupture of the middle meiningeal A. -initally no symptoms.. --> compressed brain tissue and possible death the blood goes into this potential space between dura & skull
75
where does the blood enter the skull (through what structure)
foramen spinosum
76
what causes a subdural hematoma? normal population? where does the blood go?
located in the potential space -- results from tearing of bridging vein -- vulnerable to tearing as they cross the arachnoid space into the dural venous sinus usually with the elderly - their brains are smaller which causes more availability for a shearing injury
77
where does the spinal cord end? where does subarachnoid space end? implications?
spinal cord ends between L1-L2 Subarachnoid space ends around S2 this means they can sample CSF without damaging the spinal cord below this L1-L2 spot --- usually around L3-L4
78
what causes a subarachnoid bleed? where does the blood go? symptoms
bleeding into the subarachnoid space from a torn vessel such as a ruptured aneurysm blood goes into the CSF-filled subarchnoid space = very painful pain is due to meningeal irritation "worst headache of my life"
79
What causes intracerebral hemorrhage? alternate name? coup vs. counter coup
results from a vessel rupture in the brain; caused by a TBI / contusion located within the brain substance contusion on side of contact = coup contusion on opposite of impact = counter coup
80
what can be a route for infection from outside to inside the cranial cavity
Emissary veins - they pass from outside cranial cavity to dural sinuses diploic veins drain bones of the cavity & from emissary veins
81
4 major dural sinuses
1. superior sagittal sinus - receives cerebral veins from cerebral hemispheres & diploic/emissary veins 2. straight sinus = found within tentorium cerebelli; union of great cerebral vein & inferior sagittal sinus 3. transverse sinuses = run horizontal 4. R & L = sigmoid sinuses - become continuous with the intneral jugular vein
82
what does the straight sinus become
R & L transverse sinus
83
what passes through the cavernous sinus?
pair of sinuses on either side of the sella turcia | internal carotid artery & cranial nerves III, IV, V1, V2, & VI
84
what is cavernous sinus thrombosis?
cavernous sinuses have connections to the face where infection can spread from the face to the sinuses & cause clotting that clotting = thrombosis
85
what is the internal carotid artery prone to?
aneurysm
86
what is meningitis signs/symptoms how to diagnose
inflammation of the meninges due to viral, bacterial, or fungal infection within the CSF produces meningeal irritation = headache, lethargy, fever, vomiting, nuchal rigidity (stiff neck) diagnose by sampling of the CSF via lumbar puncture

Neuroscience (5 decks)

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