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EDUCM5405 - Brain, Mind & Education > Brain Development > Flashcards

Brain Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three stages of the pre-natal period?

A

Conceptual
Embryonic
Foetal

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2
Q

What occurs in the conceptual period?

A

Union of reproductive cells
Nuclei merge - result in 23 chromosomes

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3
Q

What occurs in the embryonic period?

A

Major organs begin to form
Heart begins to beat, blood is circulated
Cell division and differentiation

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4
Q

What occurs in the foetal period?

A

Origins of motor, sensory and learning behaviour
Continued development and differentiation of structures

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5
Q

What are the 8 stages of neural development?

A

Natalie puke maggots and Dan sings something French

Neuralation
Proliferation
Migration
Aggregation
Differentiation
Synaptogenesis
Selective cell death
Functional validation

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6
Q

What are the steps of embryonic formation?

A

Cells multiply & differentiate
Inner cells cluster to leave a cavity
The outer walls implant into the uterine wall
Two types of tissue form from inner and outer cells

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7
Q

What are the three layers of the trilaminar disc?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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8
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

Inner layer - Internal organs (digestive, respiratory, etc)

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9
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

Middle layer - skeletal and muscular structures

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10
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

Outer layer - skin surface, nervous system

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11
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Marks bilateral symmetry in embryos

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12
Q

Where does the neural plate form?

A

On the ectoderm layer, opposite the primitive streak

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13
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Plays a core role in vertebrate development
Releases proteins that drive neuralation

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14
Q

What occurs during neuralation?

A

Edges of the neural plate curve and close from head to tail - becoming the complete central nervous system

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15
Q

What severe disorders occur due to failures during neuralation?

A

Spina Bifida
Anencephaly

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16
Q

How does Spina Bifida occur?

A

Failure of the closure of the spinal cord to close at the caudal end

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17
Q

How does Anencephaly occur?

A

Failure of the neural tube to close at the cranial end.
Foetus develops with a major portion of the brain, skull and scalp missing

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18
Q

What do the three swellings of the neural tube form?

A

Basis of human brain structure
Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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19
Q

What five brain regions develop from the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Spinal cord

20
Q

What occurs during proliferation?

A

New cells are produced by dividing or proliferating
Stem cells, glial cells and neurons

21
Q

What occurs during migration?

A

The movement of cells from the wall of the neural
tube to their end goal
Cells move in different directions according to their
specific cellular ‘destiny’

22
Q

What occurs during aggregation?

A

Once they have reached their final destination, new cells line up with other neurons to make up the new brain

23
Q

What occurs during differentiation?

A

Neurons do not take their final form until they have reached their final destination.
Once cells settle, they network.

24
Q

What does cell-autonomous differentiation mean?

A

Cell growth and development that is pre-defined by a genetic programme

Ex: Purkinje cells

25
What occurs during synaptogenesis?
The development of synapses Communication with each other and with organs Continues throughout a person’s lifespan
26
What occurs during selective cell death?
Neural pruning Survival of the fittest: neurons that have made successful connections will survive Occurs at different times in different areas of the brain
27
What occurs during functional validation?
The process of growth (plasticity) and pruning across a lifespan Nerve cells & axons continue to adapt their structure and function dependent upon environment input
28
What structural changes occur in between the ages of 0 and 6?
Dramatic period of synaptogenesis Overproduction of synapses leads to competition between neurons Neural pruning Strengthening & elimination of neurons is dependent upon environmental demands and experience
29
What structural changes occur after the age of 7?
Development is far from complete Notable surge in synapse growth just before puberty Prominent period of pruning & plasticity during adolescence Thought to contribute to refinement of brain connectivity
30
What are the specific changes in brain structure during adolescent brain development?
Prefrontal cortex – ‘higher order cognition’ Amygdala - emotions Hypothalamus - hormones Corpus callosum – connection between hemispheres
31
What are the global changes in during adolescent brain development?
Increase in myelination – processing speed Increase in pruning – fine tuning
32
What changes occur to grey matter during adolescent brain development?
Grey matter = cell bodies, dendrites & axon terminals Inverted U-shaped curve across childhood & adolescence Decrease in grey matter in adolescence represents the process of fine-tuning
33
What does regional maturation correlate with?
Prefrontal cortex - intelligence and impulse control Left hemisphere - language processing
34
What changes occur to white matter during adolescent brain development?
White matter = myelinated axons Largely linear increase across development Substantial maturation during adolescence especially those involved in emotional, social and cognitive control
35
What is connectivity?
The neural circuitry of the brain
36
What changes occur to connectivity during adolescent brain development?
Networks consist of brain regions that activate and work together through their interconnections The formation & development of these networks leads to more sophisticated processing in maturity Leads to more efficient and controlled information processing
37
What are the two major changes in connectivity during adolescent brain development?
Cortical connections change from being large and non-specific, to being more smaller and more specialised Dramatic increases in long-range connections
38
How does adolescent brain development impact emotional processing?
Amygdala volume increases over adolescence and young adulthood
39
Why does social exclusion cause issues in adolescence?
Adolescents show decreased activity in regions associated with regulation of rejection-related distress compared to adults When experiencing distress, adolescents aren’t able to recruit frontal regions needed to effectively control feelings of rejection
40
How does adolescent brain development impact social processing?
Development of Theory of Mind/Mentalising
41
What is Theory of Mind/mentalising?
The ability to attribute mental states (thoughts, intentions, desires, feelings, beliefs) to others on the basis of their social/emotional cues
42
How does adolescent brain development impact ris-taking behaviours?
Hormonal changes prompt changes in brain regions associated with learning, memory & experience of emotion Prefrontal cortex is continuing its fine-tuning in a largely linear pattern
43
How does puberty impact risk-taking behaviours?
Hormonal changes prompt changes in the amygdala and hippocampus associated with learning, memory & experience of emotion. Leads to increased sensitivity to emotion and reward = increase in sensation seeking behaviours
44
How does executive function impact risk-taking behaviours?
Prefrontal cortex is continuing its fine-tuning in a largely linear pattern Cognitive control & executive function increasing with age over the adolescent period (into early adulthood: up to 25)
45
What are the implications for understanding prevention and intervention in the adolescent brain?
Education Law Parenting Advertising Technology
46
How does development happen?
Development = genes * environment it's nature and nurture interacting
47
How are learning and development related?
Learning is supported by development and contributes to development

EDUCM5405 - Brain, Mind & Education (4 decks)

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